The design and motif-tailoring of peptide sequence are crucial for mediating the self-assembly of peptide molecules and the biomimetic synthesis of functional peptide-based nanomaterials. It is well known that nature provides the guidance and inspiration for the design and molecular tailoring of functional peptide sequences, which can further self-assemble into complex peptide nanomaterials with adjustable dimensions. In this mini-review, we summarize recent advance in the bioinspired design and regulation of functional peptide sequences by natural things, such as the mussels, milk protein, silkworm silks, frogs, and Alzheimer's disease. The self-assembly of bioinspired peptides in vitro and in vivo for controlled synthesis of various peptide-based nanomaterials is introduced and analyzed. In addition, various applications of biomimetic peptide nanomaterials for biosensors, bioimaging, cancer therapy, antibacterial materials, tissue engineering, as well as energy storage and environmental science are demonstrated in detail. Finally, we give the perspectives on future development of this promising research topic. By these efforts, it is hopeful to promote the understanding on the optimization of bioinspired peptides and the design of novel peptide nanomaterials for advanced applications.