A fronto–striato–subthalamic–pallidal network for goal-directed and habitual inhibition

Two core symptoms characterize Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) subtypes: inattentiveness and hyperactivity-impulsivity. While previous brain imaging research investigated ADHD as if it was a homogenous condition, its two core symptoms may originate from different brain mechanisms. We, therefore, hypothesized that the functional connectivity of cortico-striatal and attentional networks would be different between ADHD subtypes. We studied 165 children (mean age 10.93 years; age range, 7-17 year old) diagnosed as having ADHD based on their revised Conner's rating scale score and 170 typical developing individuals (mean age 11.46 years; age range, 7-17 year old) using resting state functional fMRI. Groups were matched for age, IQ and head motion during the MRI acquisition. We fractionated the ADHD group into predominantly inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive and combined subtypes based on their revised Conner's rating scale score. We then analyzed differences in resting state functional connectivity of the cortico-striatal and attentional networks between these subtypes. We found a double dissociation of functional connectivity in the cortico-striatal and ventral attentional networks, reflecting the subtypes of the ADHD participants. Particularly, the hyperactive-impulsive subtype was associated with increased connectivity in cortico-striatal network, whereas the inattentive subtype was associated with increased connectivity in the right ventral attention network. Our study demonstrated for the first time a right lateralized, double dissociation between specific networks associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattentiveness in ADHD children, providing a biological M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 basis for exploring symptom dimensions and revealing potential targets for more personalized treatments.

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“…These results are comparable to those obtained in previously task related fMRI (Jahanshahi et al 2015) and rs-fMRI connectivity studies (Fig. 3).…”

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confidence: 92%

Double-dissociation between the mechanism leading to impulsivity and inattention in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A resting-state functional connectivity study

Sanefuji

Craig

Parlatini

et al. 2017

Cortex

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“…The loops are anatomically and functionally segregated, and relevant for specific domains of complex human communication [18-20]. The limbic loop includes, but is not limited to, the hippocampus and amygdala (dark blue, left panel of Fig.…”

Section: Outline Of Synopsismentioning

confidence: 99%

Systems Neuroscience of Psychosis: Mapping Schizophrenia Symptoms onto Brain Systems

et al. 2017

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Schizophrenia research has been in a deadlock for many decades. Despite important advances in clinical treatment, there are still major concerns regarding long-term psychosocial reintegration and disease management, biological heterogeneity, unsatisfactory predictors of individual course and treatment strategies, and a confusing variety of controversial theories about its etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms. In the present perspective on schizophrenia research, we first discuss a methodological pitfall in contemporary schizophrenia research inherent in the attempt to link mental phenomena with the brain: we claim that the time-honored phenomenological method of defining mental symptoms should not be contaminated with the naturalistic approach of modern neuroscience. We then describe our Systems Neuroscience of Psychosis (SyNoPsis) project, which aims to overcome this intrinsic problem of psychiatric research. Considering schizophrenia primarily as a disorder of interindividual communication, we developed a neurobiologically informed semiotics of psychotic disorders, as well as an operational clinical rating scale. The novel psychopathology allows disentangling the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia into behavioral domains matching the functions of three well-described higher-order corticobasal brain systems involved in interindividual human communication, namely, the limbic, associative, and motor loops, including their corticocortical sensorimotor connections. The results of several empirical studies support the hypothesis that the proposed three-dimensional symptom structure, segregated into the affective, the language, and the motor domain, can be specifically mapped onto structural and functional abnormalities of the respective brain systems. New pathophysiological hypotheses derived from this brain system-oriented approach have helped to develop and improve novel treatment strategies with noninvasive brain stimulation and practicable clinical parameters. In clinical practice, the novel psychopathology allows confining the communication deficits of the individual patient, shifting attention from the symptoms to the intact resources. We have studied this approach and observed important advantages for therapeutic alliances, personalized treatment, and de-escalation strategies. Future studies will further conjoin clinical definitions of psychotic symptoms with brain structures and functions, and disentangle structural and functional deficit patterns within these systems to identify neurobiologically distinct subsyndromes. Neurobiologically homogeneous patient groups may provide new momentum for treatment research. Finally, lessons learned from schizophrenia research may contribute to developing a comprehensive perspective on human experience and behavior that integrates methodologically distinct, but internally consistent, insights from humanities and neuroscience.

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“…From a review of several strands of evidence from animal, imaging, clinical studies and behavioural and electrophysiological investigations of the impact of surgery on movement disorders, it has been suggested that the fronto-striato-subthalamic-pallidal networks mediate goal-directed (volitional, effortful inhibition to achieve a goal) and habitual (automatic) inhibition in the motor and non-motor domains [1]. The stop signal task [2] has been extensively employed for assessment of inhibition of ongoing motor responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theta burst magnetic stimulation over the pre-supplementary motor area improves motor inhibition

et al. 2017

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A fronto–striato–subthalamic–pallidal network for goal-directed and habitual inhibition

Cited by 482 publications

References 187 publications

Double-dissociation between the mechanism leading to impulsivity and inattention in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A resting-state functional connectivity study

Double-dissociation between the mechanism leading to impulsivity and inattention in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A resting-state functional connectivity study

Systems Neuroscience of Psychosis: Mapping Schizophrenia Symptoms onto Brain Systems

Theta burst magnetic stimulation over the pre-supplementary motor area improves motor inhibition

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