A Fully Automated Turbulent-Flow Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technique for Monitoring Antidepressants in Human Serum

Abstract

Antidepressants belong to a variety of chemical and pharmacologic classes. Most require therapeutic drug monitoring, at least in certain circumstances, such as unexplained inefficacy or suspected toxicity. Several types of chromatographic methods have generally been used. This paper presents a fully automated, sensitive, and specific method for the therapeutic drug monitoring of 13 antidepressants of all classes (amoxapine, amitriptyline, citalopram, clomipramine, dothiepin, doxepin, fluoxetine, imipramine, maprotiline, mianserin, paroxetine, sertraline, trimipramine) and some of their respective active metabolites (nortriptyline, monodesmethylcitalopram, desmethylclomipramine, desipramine, norfluoxetine, desmethylmianserin, N-desmethylsertraline), based on the innovative turbulent-flow liquid chromatography (TFC) technology, coupled to tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The antidepressants were divided in two groups depending on their chromatographic properties, so that two injections would be necessary to screen all compounds (which is infrequent for therapeutic drug monitoring). Calibration curves ranged from 10 to 500 ng/mL. No significant memory effect was observed after the injection of a blank serum sample spiked at 500 ng/mL. The intra-assay and inter-assay precision CVs ranged from 0.4% to 12% and from 1% to 16%, respectively. The method was further validated by blindly analyzing Heathcontrol-Therapeutic Drugs Scheme samples (Cardiff Bioanalytical Services Ltd.) containing several antidepressants.

A Highly Sensitive LC-Ms/Ms Method for Determination of Desvenlafaxine in Rabbit Plasma and its Application to Rabbit Pharmacokinetic Study

“…Methods capable of separating enantiomers of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine have been reported based on capillary electrophoresis [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and HPLC-ESI/MS [14]. Thus, the aim of the present work was to establish a simple, accurate, rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 0.5 ng/mL using a very low volume (50μL) of rabbit plasma.…”

Flow Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Fluoxetine in Bulk and in Pharmaceutical Preparations

“…Reported methods for the determination of fluoxetine are mainly based on high performance liquid chromatography [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] and Gas chromatography [10][11][12] . Spectrofluoremetric methods have also used by few researchers [13][14][15] .…”

Development of Advanced Capillary Electrophoresis Techniques with UV and Mass Spectrometry Detection for Forensic, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Applications

“…Cyanobacteria are common in diverse types of every terrestrial habitat, including oceans, lakes, fresh water, deserts, and even in the extreme environments of Antarctica and thermal springs [34][35]. Thus, it is important to not only detect but also quantify the amount of cyanobacteria existing in drinking water [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41], GC and GC-MS [42][43][44][45][46][47], and other techniques [48][49][50][51][52][53][54] such as SFC, TPLC, and ELISA. However, capillary electrophoresis has some advantages over these approaches mentioned above, which has made CE a powerful tool for fulfilling the goal of projects in this dissertation.…”

“…The time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) analysis was performed in the positive ion mode using partial filling technique [36][37][38][39] …”

“…In addition, the field of toxicology has become increasingly vital as researchers and practitioners recognize the importance of defining the precise role different drug combinations play in human behavior [33]. As a result, a large number of studies have been conducted to develop better ways to detect the presence of dangerous drugs [34][35][36][37]. The goal of the research described in this chapter is to develop novel methods for the detection of drugs using capillary electrochromatography (CEC).…”