A Functional Biology of Sea Anemones

Abstract

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Using the critical salinity (S crit) concept to predict invasion potential of the anemone Diadumene lineata in the Baltic Sea

“…Shick (1991) suggests that FAAs contribute 12-16 % to the change of the total intracellular osmotic concentration in D. lineata. FAAs have often been identified as major osmolytes in actinians (Pierce and Minasian 1974).…”

Transoceanic dispersal of benthic macrofauna:Haliplanella luciae (Verrill, 1898) (Anthozoa, Actiniaria) found on a ship's hull in a shipyard dock in Hamburg Harbour, Germany

“…luciae was never discovered in the German Bight again, not even in recent times, even though car-carriers provide a regular and frequent connection between Japan, USA and Europe, with Bremerhaven, Emden, and Hamburg being the ports at which the ships call in Germany. The main reason why H. luciae did not establish itself in the fauna of the German Bight is certainly the fact that these international ports are respectively low salinity and freshwater ports, and salinities below 12 %o are ultimately lethal for the species (Shick, 1991).…”

“…In recent publications (Manuel, 1981;Ramil Blanco, i987;Shick, 1991) Haliplanella luciae (Verrill, 1898) has been synonymized with Halip]anella lineata (Verrill, 1869), the latter name having priority. We do not concur with this opinion, because the synonymy is based solely on the suspicion that a species described by Verrill in 1869 from Hong Kong might be identical with H. luciae, and this supposition has never been substantiated (see Williams, 1978).…”

Seasonal Cycle of Male Gonad Development of the Intertidal Sea Anemone <I>Actinia equina</I> (Cnidaria : Anthozoa) in Sagami Bay, Japan

“…The population in Moroiso, consisting of only males and non-sexual individuals, is quite a contrast to the A. equina population of almost only females with small numbers of non-sexual individuals reported at Filey Brigg, North Yorkshire, England, by Gashout & Ormond (1979). Shick (1991) assumed that such a skewed sex ratio in populations of Haliplanella lineata and Anthopleura elegantissima probably resulted Carter & Miles (1989). In Japan, Fujii (1991) reported similar seasonal cycles of gametogenesis in Anthopleura asiatica, and Fukui (1995) in Haliplanella lineata.…”