A Functional Screen for the Type III (Hrp) Secretome of the Plant Pathogen
            <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i>

Guttman, David S.; Vinatzer, Boris A.; Sarkar, Sara F.; Ranall, Max V.; Kettler, Gregory; Greenberg, Jean T.

doi:10.1126/science.295.5560.1722

Cited by 345 publications

(346 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Second, in many cases, light is required for HR development. Third, several pathogen effectors have chloroplast localization signals, 24 and in some cases they have been shown to suppress immunity. 25,26 In plants, the molecular events that lead to HR during ETI are partly overlapping with those associated with MTI, including accumulation of SA, ROS and NOI, activation of MAPK cascades, changes in intracellular calcium levels, transcriptional reprogramming and synthesis of antimicrobial compounds.…”

Section: Immune Surveillance Systems In Plants and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programmed cell death in the plant immune system

2011

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Cell death has a central role in innate immune responses in both plants and animals. Besides sharing striking convergences and similarities in the overall evolutionary organization of their innate immune systems, both plants and animals can respond to infection and pathogen recognition with programmed cell death. The fact that plant and animal pathogens have evolved strategies to subvert specific cell death modalities emphasizes the essential role of cell death during immune responses. The hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in plants displays morphological features, molecular architectures and mechanisms reminiscent of different inflammatory cell death types in animals (pyroptosis and necroptosis). In this review, we describe the molecular pathways leading to cell death during innate immune responses. Additionally, we present recently discovered caspase and caspase-like networks regulating cell death that have revealed fascinating analogies between cell death control across both kingdoms.

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Section: Immune Surveillance Systems In Plants and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programmed cell death in the plant immune system

2011

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“…Bacterial Avr proteins are translocated into the host cells through a type III protein secretion system (Galan and Collmer, 1999) which, in the case of Pseudomonas syringae DC3000, is thought to deliver more than 30 effector proteins (Boch et al, 2002;Collmer et al, 2002;Fouts et al, 2002;Guttman et al, 2002;Petnicki-Ocwieja et al, 2002;Zwiesler-Vollick et al, 2002). AvrRPM1 and AvrRpt2 from P. syringae provide examples of such type III effector proteins that are recognized by the products of the RPM1 and RPS2 resistance genes, respectively (Dangl et al, 1992;Innes et al, 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Transcriptional Innate Immune Response to flg22. Interplay and Overlap with Avr Gene-Dependent Defense Responses and Bacterial Pathogenesis

et al. 2004

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Animals and plants carry recognition systems to sense bacterial flagellin. Flagellin perception in Arabidopsis involves FLS2, a Leu-rich-repeat receptor kinase. We surveyed the early transcriptional response of Arabidopsis cell cultures and seedlings within 60 min of treatment with flg22, a peptide corresponding to the most conserved domain of flagellin. Using Affymetrix microarrays, approximately 3.0% of 8,200 genes displayed transcript level changes in flg22 elicited suspension cultures and seedlings. FLARE (Flagellin Rapidly Elicited) genes mostly encode signaling components, such as transcription factors, protein kinases/phosphatases, and proteins that regulate protein turnover. Approximately 80% of flg22-induced genes were also upregulated in Arabidopsis seedlings treated with cycloheximide. This suggests that many FLARE genes are negatively regulated by rapidly turned-over repressor proteins. Twenty-one tobacco Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited (ACRE) cDNA full-length sequences were used to search for their Arabidopsis orthologs (AtACRE). We identified either single or multiple putative orthologs for 17 ACRE genes. For 13 of these ACRE genes, at least one Arabidopsis ortholog was induced in flg22-elicited Arabidopsis suspension cells and seedlings. This result revealed a substantial overlap between the Arabidopsis flg22 response and the tobacco Avr9 race-specific defense response. We also compared FLARE gene sets and genes induced in basal or gene-for-gene interactions upon different Pseudomonas syringae treatments, and infer that Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato represses the flagellin-initiated defense response.

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“…Generally, the N terminus of effectors is sufficient to target protein reporters into plant cells, whereas the C terminus is sufficient to activate HR in resistant plants (17,18). Using this information, Guttman et al (19) randomly integrated a gene reporter encoding the C terminus of the AvrRpt2 effector lacking its TTSS signal sequence throughout the Pseudomonas pv. maculicola (Psm) genome (19).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Using this information, Guttman et al (19) randomly integrated a gene reporter encoding the C terminus of the AvrRpt2 effector lacking its TTSS signal sequence throughout the Pseudomonas pv. maculicola (Psm) genome (19). By creating T TSS effector::AvrRpt2 chimeric fusion proteins that activate an AvrRpt2-dependent HR in plants, they functionally identified 13 new effectors and predicted another 38 effectors by means of bioinformatics (19).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A genetic screen to isolate type III effectors translocated into pepper cells during Xanthomonas infection

Roden

Belt

Ross

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

124

112

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The bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) uses a type III secretion system (TTSS) to translocate effector proteins into host plant cells. The TTSS is required for Xcv colonization, yet the identity of many proteins translocated through this apparatus is not known. We used a genetic screen to functionally identify Xcv TTSS effectors. A transposon 5 (Tn5)-based transposon construct including the coding sequence for the Xcv AvrBs2 effector devoid of its TTSS signal was randomly inserted into the Xcv genome. Insertion of the avrBs2 reporter gene into Xcv genes coding for proteins containing a functional TTSS signal peptide resulted in the creation of chimeric TTSS effector::AvrBs2 fusion proteins. Xcv strains containing these fusions translocated the AvrBs2 reporter in a TTSS-dependent manner into resistant BS2 pepper cells during infection, activating the avrBs2-dependent hypersensitive response (HR). We isolated seven chimeric fusion proteins and designated the identified TTSS effectors as Xanthomonas outer proteins (Xops). Translocation of each Xop was confirmed by using the calmodulin-dependent adenylate cydase reporter assay. Three xop genes are Xanthomonas spp.-specific, whereas homologs for the rest are found in other phytopathogenic bacteria. XopF1 and XopF2 define an effector gene family in Xcv. XopN contains a eukaryotic protein fold repeat and is required for full Xcv pathogenicity in pepper and tomato. The translocated effectors identified in this work expand our knowledge of the diversity of proteins that Xcv uses to manipulate its hosts.bacterial plant pathogenesis ͉ virulence proteins

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A Functional Screen for the Type III (Hrp) Secretome of the Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae

Cited by 345 publications

References 42 publications

Programmed cell death in the plant immune system

Programmed cell death in the plant immune system

The Transcriptional Innate Immune Response to flg22. Interplay and Overlap with Avr Gene-Dependent Defense Responses and Bacterial Pathogenesis

A genetic screen to isolate type III effectors translocated into pepper cells during Xanthomonas infection

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