A further analysis of physiological changes in rats in the forced swim test

Abel, Ernest L.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)90245-3

Cited by 57 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Interestingly, exposure to swimmingFa complex physiological and psychological stressor (Abel, 1994)Ftriggers not only OXT secretion into blood (Lang et al, 1983, Wotjak et al, 1998 but also OXT synthesis (Wotjak et al, 2001) and release within the SON and PVN in males (Wotjak et al, 1998) and females (Wigger and Neumann, 2002). Thus, the question arises as to the origin of OXT measured in dialysates from the CeA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release of Oxytocin in the Rat Central Amygdala Modulates Stress-Coping Behavior and the Release of Excitatory Amino Acids

Ebner

Bosch

Krömer

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

181

119

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Previous experiments have indicated that the release of oxytocin (OXT) occurs in various hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain areas. In the present study, we investigated in male rats whether swim stress triggers the release of OXT in the central amygdala (CeA), a key area in processing emotions and stress responses. Further, we examined the physiological significance of OXT released within the CeA for behavioral responses during forced swimming as well as effects on the local release of selected amino acids including glutamate, aspartate, arginine, taurine, and GABA, which are thought to modulate processing of emotions. Exposure to a 10-min forced swimming session caused a significant increase in OXT release (200%, po0.01) within, but not outside, the CeA as monitored by microdialysis. Administration of the OXT receptor antagonist des-Gly-NH 2 d(CH 2 ) 5 (Tyr(Me) 2 Thr 4 )OVT via inverse microdialysis into the amygdala before and during exposure to swimming reduced the floating time by 55% (po0.05) and increased the swimming time by 29% (po0.05) indicative of a more active stress-coping strategy. Simultaneously, local administration of the OXT receptor antagonist caused a significant increase in the stress-induced release of the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate, whereas the basal release of these amino acids remained unchanged. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a significant activation of the oxytocinergic system in the CeA in response to swim stress. Furthermore, our data indicate that OXT receptor-mediated mechanisms within the amygdala are involved in the generation of passive stress-coping strategies, which might be mediated at least in part via its inhibitory influence on the local release of excitatory amino acids during stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release of Oxytocin in the Rat Central Amygdala Modulates Stress-Coping Behavior and the Release of Excitatory Amino Acids

Ebner

Bosch

Krömer

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

181

119

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“…Forced swimming represents an ethologically relevant combined physical and emotional stressor for rats (1) shown to increase plasma ACTH and corticosterone after an exposure time of either 60 s or longer (21,40,45,62), and AVP and OXT release within the SON and PVN after an exposure time of 10 min (58,62). With the microdialysis tubing and the extension tubing of the venous catheter still attached, rats were forced to swim for 60 s in a clear plastic cylinder (30 cm in diameter and 70 cm in height) filled with tap water (21°C) to a depth of ϳ60 cm.…”

Section: Forced Swimmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxytocin actions within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei: differential effects on peripheral and intranuclear vasopressin release

Neumann¹,

Torner²,

Toschi³

et al. 2006

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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(FS), AVP is released somato-dendritically within the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), but not from neurohypophyseal terminals into blood. Together with AVP, oxytocin (OXT) is released within the SON and PVN. Here, we studied the role of intra-SON and intra-PVN OXT in the regulation of local AVP release and into the blood in male rats. Within the SON, bilateral retrodialysis of an OXT receptor antagonist (OXT-A) increased local AVP release in response to FS [60 s, 21°C, vehicle twofold, not significant (ns); OXT-A: 15-fold increase, P Ͻ 0.05] without significantly affecting basal AVP release. In addition, local OXT-A elevated plasma AVP secretion under basal conditions (twofold increase, P Ͻ 0.05) without further elevation after FS. Within the PVN, exposure to FS elevated local AVP release, reaching significance only in the OXT-A group (vehicle: 1.4-fold, ns; OXT-A: 1.6-fold increase, P ϭ 0.050). Bilateral OXT-A into the PVN did not affect peripheral AVP secretion either under basal or stress conditions. Basal ACTH concentrations tended to be elevated by local OXT-A within the PVN (1.7-fold increase, P ϭ 0.076). In contrast, the swim-induced ACTH secretion was attenuated after retrodialysis of OXT-A within both the SON (at 5 min) and PVN (at 15 min) (P Ͻ 0.05 both) compared with vehicle. The results demonstrate a receptormediated effect of OXT within the SON and PVN on local and neurohypophyseal AVP release, which depends upon the activity conditions. Further, while exerting an inhibitory effect on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity under basal conditions, hypothalamic OXT is essential for an adequate acute ACTH response.plasma; hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis; dendritic release; microdialysis; swim stress THE NEUROPEPTIDES OXYTOCIN (OXT) and AVP are mainly synthesized in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). They are released from neurohypophyseal axon terminals directly into the systemic circulation, but also in a somatodendritic fashion within the hypothalamus in response to relevant physiological stimuli, including parturition, suckling, osmotic challenge, and hemorrhage (for a review, see Ref. 33).Similarly, such local release within the SON and PVN has been described for both peptides, for instance, in response to various psychological stressors, such as forced swimming in male and female rats (for a review, see Ref. 16). However, upon stressor exposure, only OXT is simultaneously released from the dendrites within the hypothalamic nuclei and from neurohypophyseal terminals into blood, as revealed by intracerebral microdialysis in conjunction with blood sampling in conscious rats. In contrast, AVP secretion into blood remains unchanged despite its release within the PVN, SON, and/or septum, for example, during forced swimming or exposure to social defeat (13,14,44,60,61).The phenomenon of independent release patterns of AVP from dendrites within the SON/PVN and from neurohypophyseal terminals, in par...

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“…On day 6, the same blood sampling procedure was repeated, except that rats were exposed to forced swimming (90 s) as an ethologically relevant combined physical and emotional stressor (Abel 1994). The same water tanks as used for the forced swim test were filled up to a level of approximately 50 cm.…”

Section: Experimental Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three more blood samples were taken 5, 30, and 60 min after return to the home cage. At the end of the experiment, the catheters were flushed with gentamycin solution and plugged.On day 6, the same blood sampling procedure was repeated, except that rats were exposed to forced swimming (90 s) as an ethologically relevant combined physical and emotional stressor (Abel 1994). The same water tanks as used for the forced swim test were filled up to a level of approximately 50 cm.…”

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confidence: 99%

Behavioral, Physiological, and Neuroendocrine Stress Responses and Differential Sensitivity to Diazepam in Two Wistar Rat Lines Selectively Bred for High- and Low-Anxiety–Related Behavior

Liebsch

Linthorst

Neumann

et al. 1998

Neuropsychopharmacology

150

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Two Wistar rat lines, selectively bred for high-anxietyrelated behavior (HAB) and low-anxiety-related behavior (LAB) in the elevated plus-maze test, were tested for the susceptibility of their behavioral characteristics to anxiolytic treatment and for their endocrine and physiological reactivity to different stressors. Injection of 1mg/kg diazepam failed to affect line differences in coping strategy but resulted in a marked (20-fold) Genetic factors contribute to the high interindividual variability in type and/or intensity of the behavioral, neuroendocrine, and physiological stress responses observed in various species, including humans and laboratory rats (Boissy 1995;Clément et al. 1997;Cools et al. 1990;Curé and Rolinat 1992;Prasad et al. 1996;Spanagel et al. 1995;Tesser 1993;Zuckerman 1993). This fact has been used as the basis for selective bidirectional breeding programs from which strains and lines differing in their behavioral and/or neuroendocrine reFrom the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany. Address correspondence to: Dr. R. Landgraf, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2, 80804 Munich, Germany.Received January 15, 1997; revised March 25, 1998; accepted April 16, 1998. 382 G. Liebsch et al. N EUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1998 -VOL . 19 , NO . 5 sponses to environmental challenges have emerged (Brush 1991;Castanon and Mormède 1994;Cools et al. 1993;Gentsch et al. 1988;Walker et al. 1992). Recently, we reported the establishment of two Wistar rat lines selectively bred for differing behavioral performances in the elevated plus-maze test, now termed high-anxiety-related behavior (HAB) and low-anxiety-related behavior (LAB) lines, respectively ). This animal model of inborn anxiety provides the advantage of avoiding conditioned stimuli that by themselves are likely to trigger behavioral, neuroendocrine, and physiological alterations. Interestingly, the HAB and LAB animals also prefer different coping strategies in a forced swim test ), pointing toward a link between anxiety and coping with stressful situations.The elevated plus-maze test is based on the creation of a conflict between the exploratory drive of a rat and its innate fear of open, exposed areas. It is one of the most widely used nonconditioned animal models of anxiety and has been extensively validated pharmacologically and ethologically (Dawson and Tricklebank 1995;Pellow 1986;Pich et al. 1993). However, various clinically effective anxiolytic substances often yield contradictory results when administered to "normal" unstressed rats in this test (Griebel 1995;Rodgers et al. 1997), indicating that-in parallel to the situation in humans (Green and Hodges 1991; Lader 1991)-the efficacy of an anxiolytic may depend upon the animal's basal level of anxiety. To test this prediction and to characterize further our breeding lines, in the first experiment, male rats from the HAB and LAB lines were injected with a classical anxiolytic, diazepam, and submitted to a plus-maze test and a forced swim test to assess the e...

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A further analysis of physiological changes in rats in the forced swim test

Cited by 57 publications

References 18 publications

Release of Oxytocin in the Rat Central Amygdala Modulates Stress-Coping Behavior and the Release of Excitatory Amino Acids

Release of Oxytocin in the Rat Central Amygdala Modulates Stress-Coping Behavior and the Release of Excitatory Amino Acids

Oxytocin actions within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei: differential effects on peripheral and intranuclear vasopressin release

Behavioral, Physiological, and Neuroendocrine Stress Responses and Differential Sensitivity to Diazepam in Two Wistar Rat Lines Selectively Bred for High- and Low-Anxiety–Related Behavior

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