A further note on size and form in agarics

Bond, T. E. T.

doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(52)80046-4

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Yet, the only aspect of what might be called the engineering principles used in construction of the mushroom which has been examined is the relationship between fruit body height, cap diameter and diameter of the stem. Ingold (1946) and Bond (1952) used published illustrations of a wide range of agarics to extract graphical relationships between these features and arrived at the conclusion that smaller fruit bodies have proportionately longer and more slender stems. Watling (1975) arrived at a different graphical representation for the Bolbitiaceae and indicated that more detailed analysis could not be done using published collections of illustrations which were selective in their inclusion of species and in their descriptive boundaries of species.…”

Section: Communicating Signals In Mushroom Fruit Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception and response to gravity in higher fungi – a critical appraisal

Moore

1991

New Phytologist

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summary Considering that research on gravitropism in higher fungi has a history of over 100 years, the harvest of established fact is disappointingly meagre. We can be reasonably certain of the following. Hymenomycete ‘mushroom’ fruit bodies (polypore and agaric) exhibit a number of tropisms of which anemotropism, gravitropism, phototropism and thigmotropism have been clearly demonstrated. At any one time, one tropism usually predominates but the inferior tropisms can be demonstrated if the predominating ones can be removed by manipulation of the growth conditions. In ascending order, the hierarchy appears to be: thigmotropism, gravitropism, anemotropism, phototropism. During the course of development of a fruit body different tropisms predominate at different times. The youngest fruit body initials grow perpendicularly away from their substratum. The nature of this tropism is completely unknown but perpendicular growth of fruit body initials has been remarked upon in experiments at a variety of light intensities and in gravitational fields from + 0 to 4·5 g. The fruit‐body primordium then becomes first positively phototropic but later negative gravitropism predominates. The switch between predominance of the two tropisms has been associated with the onset of sporulation in a number of different studies. The major adjustment of the direction of growth in response to a tropic stimulus is made by the mushroom stem. It is the apex of the stem which makes the most immediate gravitropic response. Gravitropic growth curvatures are limited to the normal growth zones of the stem and seem to depend on re‐allocation of available growth resources. If the fruit body is reoriented late in the growth of the stem, it may not be able to respond fully. In these cases gravitropic movements of the cap may still be able to bring the hymenophore back to the vertical. Mechanical forces may influence and contribute to the ‘gravitropic’ response but this has not been experimentally examined. The hymenophore (gill, tube or tooth) is positively gravitropic and responds independently of the stem. Bracket polypores do not show tropisms but exhibit gravimorphogenetic responses such that gross disturbance leads to renewal of growth to produce and entirely new fruiting structure suitably reoriented to the new spatial position. One experiment performed on an orbiting space station suggests that, in the absence of a light stimulus, gravity may be required for initiation of fruiting in Polyporus brumalis. Otherwise, the indications from both clinostat and space‐borne experiments are that the basic form of the mushroom (overall tissue arrangement of stem, cap, gills, hymenium, veil) in agaric and polypore alike is established independently of the gravity vector. Abnormal stem growth has been observed in clinostat cultures of Panus (= Lentinus) tigrinus and Polyporus brumalis, but the morphogenetic event which seems most dependent on gravity is sporulation (in the broadest sense). Cultures of P. brumalis on orbiting space craft fail to produce the ...

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Section: Communicating Signals In Mushroom Fruit Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception and response to gravity in higher fungi – a critical appraisal

Moore

1991

New Phytologist

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“…2C) and thus are almost regularly distributed in the hymenium. Such a pattern, which is not uncommon in Agaricomycetes, has been explained by evolutionary optimization processes leading to the most densely packed arrangement of basidioles, followed by a time-shifted maturation of them into basidia to also maximize spore production (Buller 1909;Ingold 1946;Corner 1947Corner , 1948Fischer and Money 1948;Bond 1952;Reijnders and Heim 1963;Pöder 1983Pöder , 1984Pöder , 1992Moore 1994;Donker et al 1997), although distinct patterns of this differentiation…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of micro-computed tomography to microstructure studies of the medicinal fungus Hericium coralloides

et al. 2015

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The potential of 3-D nondestructive imaging techniques such as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was evaluated to study morphological patterns of the potential medicinal fungus Hericium coralloides (Basidiomycota). Micro-CT results were correlated with histological information gained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). It is demonstrated that the combination of these imaging methods results in a more distinct picture of the morphology of the edible and potentially medicinal Hericium coralloides basidiomata. In addition we have created 3-D reconstructions and visualizations based on micro-CT imagery from a randomly selected part of the upper region of a fresh H. coralloides basidioma: Analyses for the first time allowed an approximation of the evolutionary effectiveness of this bizarrely formed basidioma type in terms of the investment of tissue biomass and its reproductive output (production of basidiospores).

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“…Previous to this study, mushroom structure has been measured in terms of fruit body height, cap diameter, and diameter of the stem. Ingold (1946) and Bond (1952) used published illustrations of a wide range of agarics to extract graphical relationships between these features, arriving at the conclusion that smaller fruit bodies have proportionately longer and more slender stems. Watling (1975) established a diff erent graphical representation for the Bolbitiaceae, using measurements from fresh specimens.…”

Section: Observations Of Real Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles of Mushroom Developmental Biology

Moore

2005

Int J Med Mushr

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ABSTRACT:Research done over the last century has persistently indicated major diff erences between fungi, animals, and plants. Unfortunately, for most of that time fungi have been considered, quite erroneously, to be closely related to plants; as observations have been constrained to comply with this fundamental error, a proper appreciation of fungal developmental biology has been seriously inhibited. During the fi nal quarter of the 20t century, the phylogenetic status of the true fungi as an independent Kingdom of eukaryotes became clear. In this review, I bring together some of the observations, old and recent, that contribute to our current understanding of the way that fungi construct multicellular structures.

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A further note on size and form in agarics

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

Perception and response to gravity in higher fungi – a critical appraisal

Perception and response to gravity in higher fungi – a critical appraisal

Application of micro-computed tomography to microstructure studies of the medicinal fungus Hericium coralloides

Principles of Mushroom Developmental Biology

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