A further review of the microbiological quality of bottled water sold in Canada: 1992–1997 survey results

Warburton, Donald W.; Harrison, Brian; Crawford, Cynda; Foster, Roger; Fox, Cathy; Gour, L.; Krol, Peter

doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(97)00135-9

Cited by 37 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…According to Khaniki et al (2010), it showed that the quality of these waters is somewhat unhealthy for public consumption. Although in none of the brands were isolates of E. coli and E. faecalis but it may exist in other brands that have not been examined, because E. coli has the potential to multiply and then survive for over 40 days in artificially inoculated bottled water (Wartburton et al, 1998;WHO, 2006;Kokkinakis et al, 2008;Khaniki et al, 2010). The presence of E. coli in water is nearly always associated with recent faecal pollution and it is the preferred indicator organism for this purpose (Khaniki et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this is a laudable idea, current trends seem to suggest that sachet drinking water could be a route of transmission of enteric pathogens. The overall treatment of source water is dependent in the quality of source water, type of sachet water being manufactured and location (Wartburton et al, 1998;Khaniki et al, 2010). Earlier investigation conducted on the safety of drinking water has show that water on the market is of good microbiological quality while the quality of some factory bagged sachet and hand-filled polythene bagged drinking water was noted to be doubtful (Oladipo et al, 2009;Oyedeji et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacteriological evaluation of some sachet water on sales in Owerri metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria

Mgbakor¹,

Ojiegbe²,

Okonko³

et al. 2011

MJM

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Aims: Continuous increase in the sale and indiscriminate consumption of packaged drinking waters in Nigeria is of public health significance. In order to safe guard public health, it is essential that the available packaged water is of the highest quality. This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological quality of packaged water on sale in Owerri metropolis, Imo State of Nigeria. Methodology and Results: From 30 registered sachet water factories, 8 samples each was purchased randomly fifteen of the brands of sachet water all over Owerri metropolis in Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria. These were analyzed for presence of bacterial indicators of water quality. Four weeks later, a second batch of the samples was collected from other brands. A mean plate counts was taken and the organisms from each water sample identified using standard procedures. The results showed that 11 (73.3%) sachet water brands had growths of pathogenic organisms in the first batch while 10 (66.6%) had growth in the second batch. The isolates were identified to be Klebsilla spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chromobacterium spp. The study showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae [7(29.2%)] was the most predominant. This was closely followed by Serratia spp. [6(25.0%)] and Proteus mirabilis [6(25.0%)]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa [3(12.5%)] and Chromobacterium spp. [2(8.3%)] was least predominant. Mean total heterotrophic bacteria plate counts (HPC) per millilitre ranged from 0.0 to 6.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 22 °C and 0.0 to 7.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 37 °C (first batch) and 0.0 to 5.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 22 °C and 0.0 to 10.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 37 °C for the second batch. Thus they fell below the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard of 100 HPC per millilitre of water. Bacteriological examination of different brands of sachet water samples collected from different locations showed that only Vince water and Akudo table water was found to be safe for drinking while the other brands of sachet water from mobile vendors in Owerri metropolis was not potable. Conclusion, Significance and Impact of study: Hence, the bacteriological quality of some of the brands of sachet water on sale in Owerri was of poor quality index. The study suggests that sachet water could be a route of transmission of enteric pathogens among the populace. In order to safe guard public health, highest quality brands of sachet water is therefore advocated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriological evaluation of some sachet water on sales in Owerri metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria

Mgbakor¹,

Ojiegbe²,

Okonko³

et al. 2011

MJM

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“…To date, bottled mineral water has never been clearly identified as a source of NLV infections. On the other hand, bacterial contamination of bottled mineral waters has been reported repeatedly (22,34,35,37,39,41), which suggests that viral contamination is also possible. This hypothesis is supported by an epidemiological evaluation of repeated NLV outbreaks in a German recovery home, where the consumption of a particular mineral water was suspected to be the vehicle of all gastrointestinal illnesses (A. Ammon [Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany], personal communication).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Norwalk-Like Virus Sequences in Mineral Waters: One-Year Monitoring of Three Brands

Beuret

Kohler

Baumgärtner

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

138

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In a recent study, RNA with nucleotide sequeces specific for "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLV) was detected in 11 different brands of European mineral waters. To clarify this finding, a 1-year monitoring study was conducted. Samples of three European brands of mineral water without gas were monitored weekly by reverse transcriptase PCR using generic and genogroup-specific oligonucleotides. Additional analyses were performed to investigate a possible correlation between NLV sequence contamination and mineral water lot numbers, the long-term stability (persistence) of NLV sequences in mineral water, and the level of contamination. NLV sequences were detected in 53 of 159 samples analyzed (33%) and belonged entirely to genogroup II. Although all NLV strains identified were closely related, three mineral water brand-specific clusters could be identified for both primer systems by sequencing. Analyses of second samples from lots previously shown to be positive for NLV sequences gave corresponding results in 45 of 53 cases (85%) (within a six-pack). NLV persistence was tested by analyzing 10 positive samples after 6 and 12 months of storage in darkness at room temperature. After 6 months, all samples remained positive; after 12 months, 9 of 10 samples were still positive for NLV sequences. No NLV sequences could be detected by analysis of 0.1-liter aliquots of 53 samples shown to be positive by testing of 1-liter volumes. Based on this fact and a test sensitivity of approximately 10 viral units, levels of contamination in positive mineral water samples were estimated to be in the range of 10 to 100 genomic equivalents per liter.

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“…The fact that the carbonated mineral water samples tested in this study were generally found to have low bacterial numbers is not unexpected because carbonation is known to decrease the pH of water and, in turn, has an antibacterial effect (Insalata, 1952;King & Nagel, 1967;Venieri et al, 2006;Warburton, 2000;Warburton et al, 1998).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Although several qualitative studies of the microbiology of bottled mineral waters have been carried out in various countries (Da Silva et al, 2008;Tsai & Yu, 1997;Venieri, Vantarakis, Komninou, & Papapetropoulou, 2006;Warburton et al, 1998;Zeenat, Hatha, Viola, & Vipra, 2009), this is the first representative report on this issue in Hungary insofar as the samples tested covered all of the main brands available in retail stores in the country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriological quality of bottled natural mineral waters commercialized in Hungary

Varga

2011

Food Control

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a b s t r a c tThe purpose of the present study was to examine the bacteriological quality of bottled natural mineral waters sold in Hungary because, in recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in consumer demand for these products in the country. In total, 492 samples of domestic and imported brands of carbonated and non-carbonated mineral waters (246 samples each) were purchased from retail outlets, and were then screened for the presence of the following indicator and potentially pathogenic bacteria: spore-forming sulfite-reducing anaerobes (clostridia), total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) were also determined by incubation at 37 C for 24 h and at 22 C for 72 h. The data generated were compared to the reference criteria set by Directive 2009/54/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union on the exploitation and marketing of natural mineral waters. The results showed that 5.3% and 10.2% of the carbonated and non-carbonated mineral water samples tested, respectively, were positive for at least one of the specific indicator or potentially pathogenic bacteria. Overall, a total of 38 sample units (7.7%) failed to comply with the standards set by Directive 2009/54/EC. None of the samples were judged noncompliant with current regulations on the basis of the presence of HPC bacteria at levels reaching or exceeding the acceptability limit (i.e., 100 CFU/ml at 22 C or 20 CFU/ml at 37 C) because the analyses were not carried out within 12 h after bottling, as required by Directive 2009/54/EC. The findings of this study highlight the need for a more stringent self-control by some producers of mineral water. In addition, a more systematic surveillance by the official authorities of food control is also necessary.

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A further review of the microbiological quality of bottled water sold in Canada: 1992–1997 survey results

Cited by 37 publications

References 6 publications

Bacteriological evaluation of some sachet water on sales in Owerri metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria

Bacteriological evaluation of some sachet water on sales in Owerri metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria

Norwalk-Like Virus Sequences in Mineral Waters: One-Year Monitoring of Three Brands

Bacteriological quality of bottled natural mineral waters commercialized in Hungary

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