A Future for Flow-Mediated Dilation—Just Follow the Guidelines

Internal carotid and brachial artery shear‐dependent vasodilator function in young healthy humans

“…After 5 min the cuff was rapidly (<1 s) deflated, causing reactive hyperaemia. Duplex imaging was continuously maintained throughout the 5 min of occlusion and 3 min following cuff deflation (Thijssen & Green, 2020).…”

Clinical assessment of endothelial function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A meta‐analysis with meta‐regressions

“…In recent years, an increasing interest has been given to clinical assessment of endothelial function for prognostic purposes 44 . Among a number of available techniques, FMD is recognized as a simple and noninvasive US‐based method, as well as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis and an independent predictor of CV events 20,21 . Considering that each 1% decrease in FMD is associated with a 12% to 13% increase of CV risk, 45,46 the clinical relevance of our results can be easily understood given the ≈2% lower FMD values documented in HFpEF patients when compared to controls.…”

“…44 Among a number of available techniques, FMD is recognized as a simple and noninvasive US-based method, as well as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis and an independent predictor of CV events. 20,21 Considering that each 1% decrease in FMD is associated with a 12% to 13% increase of CV risk, 45,46 the clinical relevance of our results can be easily understood given the ≈2% lower FMD values documented in HFpEF patients when compared to controls. While brachial artery FMD reflects vascular function in terms of NO bioavailability, 47 NMD in response to exogenous nitrates examines the endothelium-independent dilatation response.…”

“…17 Moreover, FMD is considered a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis 18,19 and an independent predictor of cardiovascular (CV) events. 20,21 During recent years, there has been increasing interest in the relationship between HFpEF and endothelial function. In detail, some studies reported lower FMD and NMD values in HFpEF patients.…”

“…Among a number of available techniques, brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and nitrate‐mediated dilation (NMD) are recognized as accurate and noninvasive methods for estimating endothelial function by means of ultrasound (US) imaging 17 . Moreover, FMD is considered a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis 18,19 and an independent predictor of cardiovascular (CV) events 20,21 . During recent years, there has been increasing interest in the relationship between HFpEF and endothelial function.…”