A Future Perspective in Crop Protection: Chitosan and its Oligosaccharides

Abstract

Studies on the biological activities of chitosan and its oligomers have been increasing, as no single type of chitosan or its oligomers exerts all of the above bioactivities. Moreover, different chitosan derivatives and enzymatic products have different structures and physicochemical properties, which may result in novel bioactivities or novel findings in known bioactive compounds. Chitosan oligosaccharides also have been shown to induce various plant defense-related cellular responses and possess by themselves antimicrobial properties against a wide spectrum of phytopathogens [18,19]. The biological activity of COS is known to depend on their structure. Chitosan derivatives have a wide scope of application and regulate the immune system of plants and induce the excretion of resistant enzymes. Moreover, chitosan not only activates the cells, but also improves its disease and insect resistant ability. There is a great concern about the consequences of utilization of chemicals on health and environment, so other means of controlling diseases have become a vehement necessity. There are other well-known problems in agriculture sector, such as: disease resistance to bactericides, fungicides and high costs to develop new products, so the scientists are interested in biological control agents and naturally occurring fungicides. Keeping in view the important role of chitosan and COS in agriculture, this review is aimed at investigating the efficacy of chitosan and its derivative on crop protection. ChitosanChitosan is derived from chitin, a polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of shellfish such as shrimp, lobster or crabs and cell wall of fungi [20]. Chitosan poly (1,4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D IntroductionNow-a-day's new approaches and practices are being developed for sustainable agriculture for various crops and vegetables. Therefore, various work is going on chitosan association for different plants growth in various laboratories of India. Chitosan and its oligosaccharides are natural molecule that are applied to crops with the aim of reducing or replacing more costly and environmentally damaging chemical bactericides. With reduced input costs and the potential for increased yields, farmers could gain substantial benefits from these applications of chitosan and its oligosaccharides to crops.Chitosan is a one of the most abundant natural amino polysaccharides extracted from the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insect, from fungal cell walls, etc. These substances have a wide variety of applications in agricultural and biotechnological industries [1,2]. Among the novel families of biological macromolecules, whose relevance is becoming increasingly evident, are chitin and its main derivative, chitosan. Both are the simplest linear polysaccharide composed of α, 1-4 linked D-glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) with various compositions of these two monomers. Chitin and its derivatives have become a promising alternative treatment due to its natural character, antifungal activity and elicitation of defense resp...

Effects of low-molecular-weight chitosan on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, barrier function, cytokine expression and antioxidant system of weaned piglets

“…It has been reported that chitosan has been widely used as a potential alternative to in-feed antibiotics in piglets and broiler chickens due to many beneficial biological properties of it, such as promoting the growth performance [ 6 , 7 ], anti-oxidative [ 8 ] and immunity modulation [ 9 ]. However, chitosan is restricted to be used in food and biomedical applications because of its difficult solubility and instability [ 10 ]. Low-molecular-weight chitosan (LC, < 150 kDa) and chito-oligosaccharide (COS, < 5 kDa) are obtained from chitosan by physical, chemical or enzymatic methods, and have much higher solubility and stability than chitosan.…”

The effect of chitin on the biological activity of Bacillus subtilis strains

“…По нашему мнению, обнаруженная у образца Витаплан, КЖ + коллоидный хитин более высокая способность индуцировать устойчивость пшеницы к темно-бурой пятнистости и бурой ржавчине по сравнению с исходным, обусловлена хитоолигосахаридами, образующимися при гидролизе коллоидного хитина хитиназами бактерии (San-Lang et al, 2006). Известно, что хитоолигосахариды являются эффективными элиситорами индуцированной устойчивости в растениях (Yin et al, 2013;Deepmala et al, 2014). В результате их взаимодействия с рецепторами происходит активация комплекса защитных реакций неспецифического иммунитета растений.…”

“…С другой стороны, известно, что хитин, хитозан и их олигомеры считаются мощными элиситорами иммунитета растений (Yin et al,2013;Deepmala et al,2014). Эти природные полисахариды в последнее время активно используются для улучшения биологической активности биопрепаратов, так как предполагается, что хитин и хитозан могут индуцировать (отдельно или в комбинации с бактериальными клетками) системную устойчивость к фитопатогенам.…”

Comparative Study of Nano-chitosan and Synthetic Bactericide Application on Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Infected by Xanthomonas campestris

“…Chitosan (poly (1,4)-2-amino-deoxy-β-D glucose) is the deacetylated product of chitin which is commonly found in crustacean shells. It is a simple linear polysaccharide that constitutes the β-1-4 linked D-11 glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) (Katiyar, Hemantaranjan, Singh, & Bhanu, 2014). Chitosan is known to induce plant growths (Dzung, Khanh, & Dzung, 2011), contain antifungal (Atai, Atai, Amini, & Salehi, 2017;Dananjaya et al, 2017) and antibacterial properties (Cui, Bai, Rashed, & Lin, 2018;D'Almeida et al, 2017).…”