A gas sensor based on an integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Fabricius, N.; Gauglitz, Günter; Ingenhoff, J.

doi:10.1016/0925-4005(92)80384-a

Cited by 77 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In particular, the waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer is highly appealing as it is sensitive to very small refractive index variations. It has been successfully employed for a wide range of applications, such as sensing of pressure [13], gases [14], volatile organic compounds [15], DNA/RNA, proteins and other biological molecules [16,17]. Several sensors, including a reference MachZehnder interferometer, can be combined on a single chip [17], resulting in a compact and stable device.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive on-chip methane detection with a cryptophane-A cladded Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Dullo¹,

Lindecrantz²,

Jágerská³

et al. 2015

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We report a methane sensor based on an integrated MachZehnder interferometer, which is cladded by a styrene-acrylonitrile film incorporating cryptophane-A. Cryptophane-A is a supramolecular compound able to selectively trap methane, and its presence in the cladding leads to a 17-fold sensitivity enhancement. Our approach, based on 3 cmlong low-loss Si 3 N 4 rib waveguides, results in a detection limit as low as 17 ppm. This is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than typically achieved with chip-scale low-cost sensors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive on-chip methane detection with a cryptophane-A cladded Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Dullo¹,

Lindecrantz²,

Jágerská³

et al. 2015

Opt. Express

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“…Using an SPP waveguide in a MZI follows similar implementations based on dielectric waveguides (e.g. [68]- [76]), or on metalclad dielectric waveguides (e.g. [77]- [79]), and this is commented on in general terms at the end of the paper.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bulk and surface sensitivities of surface plasmon waveguides

2008

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Abstract. The potential of surface plasmon waveguides for bulk and surface (bio)chemical sensing was assessed theoretically, anticipating their use in an integrated optics sensor such as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The performance of a generic MZI implemented with attenuating waveguides was assessed initially, revealing that attenuating waveguides constrain the sensing length to an optimal length equal to the propagation length of the mode used. The MZI sensitivities for bulk and surface sensing were found to be proportional to the ratio of the waveguide sensitivity to its normalized attenuation: H = (∂n eff /∂n c )/k eff for bulk sensing and G = (∂n eff /∂a)/k eff for surface sensing. Maximizing H or G maximizes the corresponding MZI sensitivity and minimizes its detection limit, leading to preferred waveguide designs and operating wavelengths. The propagation constant, the sensitivities, and the H and G parameters were then determined for the surface plasmon in the single interface, the s b mode in the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide and the s b mode in three variants of the insulator-metal-insulator (IMI) waveguide, as a function of dimensions, for wavelengths spanning 600 λ 0 1600 nm, assuming Au and H 2 O as the materials and adlayers representative of biochemical matter. The principal findings are: (i) the surface sensitivity in the thin MIM can be 100× larger than in the single interface, whereas that in the thin IMI is up to 5× smaller; (ii) the bulk sensitivity in the thin MIM can be 3× larger than in the single interface, whereas that in the IMI is slightly smaller; (iii) G in the thin MIM can be 3× larger than in the single interface, whereas G in the IMI is about 10× larger; and (iv) H in the thin MIM can be 10× smaller than in the single interface, whereas H in the thin IMI is about 10× larger. The IMI and the MIM both offer an improvement in sensitivity and detection limit for surface sensing over the single interface in an integrated MZI (or Kretschmann-Raether) configuration, despite the fact that they are at opposite ends of the confinement-attenuation trade-off. Preferred wavelengths for surface sensing were found to be near the short wavelength edge of the Drude region, where detection limits of about 0.1 pg mm −2 are predicted. With regard to bulk sensing, only the IMI offers an improvement over the single interface. The results are collected in a form that should be useful for investigating other sensor architectures implemented with these waveguides or variants thereof. Contents

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“…6,7 However, there are some difficulties concerning the detection system. Although we applied an absorbance detection system to the RI sensor in previous work, 5 its sensitivity was dependent upon the D0 value in Eq.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lock-in Modulation Detection for a Difference Interferometric Slab Optical-Waveguide Refractive-Index Sensor

et al. 2000

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A difference interferometric refractive-index (RI) sensor is based on the differential phase modulation between the two orthogonal polarization (TE and TM) modes of guided light beams of optical waveguide. [1][2][3][4] We have developed such a type of RI sensor using a slab optical waveguide (SOWG) with a prism coupler. 5This type of RI sensor allows us to use a relatively simple optical configuration, compared with other RI sensors using a planer optical waveguide, such as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer-type sensor. 6,7 However, there are some difficulties concerning the detection system. Although we applied an absorbance detection system to the RI sensor in previous work, 5 its sensitivity was dependent upon the D0 value in Eq. (2) in the Theory section; the D0 value is involved in the coefficient in the expression for the relation between the absorbance and the RI change of the sample solution. The D0 value could change in each experimental setup, and optimization of the measurement conditions was a tedious task. 5 On the other hand, other researchers have used rather complex detection systems to avoid such a problem; multiple photo-detectors systems or a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera system were applied when complicated signal processing was required. [1][2][3][4] In this paper, we describe a simple detection system for the RI sensor using lock-in modulation. This system enables us to easily obtain the optimum measurement conditions. Moreover, its experimental setup is much simpler than those of other works;1-4 a single-beam configuration can be applied and complicated signal processing is not necessary. Theory

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A gas sensor based on an integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Cited by 77 publications

References 3 publications

Sensitive on-chip methane detection with a cryptophane-A cladded Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Sensitive on-chip methane detection with a cryptophane-A cladded Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Bulk and surface sensitivities of surface plasmon waveguides

Lock-in Modulation Detection for a Difference Interferometric Slab Optical-Waveguide Refractive-Index Sensor

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