A GC–MS method validation for quantitative investigation of some chemical markers inSalvia hypargeiaFisch. & C.A. Mey. of Turkey: Enzyme inhibitory potential of ferruginol

Abstract

In the present study, a GC‐MS method used for quantitative screening of 26 compounds (sclareolide, sclareol, ferruginol, cryptanol, 6,7‐dehydroroyleanone, suginal, 9,10‐dihydro‐7,8‐dimethyl‐2‐(1‐methylethyl) phenanthren‐3‐ol, sugiol, inuroyleanone, 12‐demethylmulticauline, 7α‐hydroxy‐β‐sitosterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, salvigenin, sinensetin, α‐amyrin, lupeol, lupenone, 3‐acetyl lupeol, 1α,21α‐dihydroxy‐2,3‐(1′1′‐dimethyl‐dioxymethylene) urs‐9(11),12‐dien, uvaol, betulin, pyxinol, lup‐(20),29‐ene‐2α‐hydroxy‐3β‐acetate, betulin 3β, 28β‐diacetate, 21α‐hydroxy,2α,3β‐diacetoxy urs‐9(11),12‐dien) specific to Turkish Salvia species was developed and validated. According to the GC–MS analysis results, Salvia hypargeia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. roots were found to be rich in ferruginol (30787.97 µg/g extract) and lupenone (23276.21 µg/g extract), and leaves in lupeol (20625.92 µg/g extract). Additionally, the essential oil and aroma contents of this species were identified by GC‐MS technique. According to the LC‐MS/MS results, especially S. hypargeia leaf extract was rich in rosmarinic acid (38035.7 µg/g extract) and isoquercitrin (4136.91 µg/g extract). Furthermore, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase and antielastase inhibitory, antioxidant, cytotoxic activities of the ethanol extracts, essential oil, and major components of the species were evaluated. Antioxidant potentials of all extracts of this species were quite high in all studied antioxidant methods. Moreover, butyrylcholinesterase and elastase inhibitory capacities of ferruginol, the major component of S. hypargeia roots, were notable. For these reasons, this species has a high potential for food and pharmaceutical industries. Practical applications This new GC–MS method was applied to S. hypargeia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. and it indicated that this species possessed high amount of ferruginol and lupeol, and that this species could be used for their natural sources. According to the results of the activity studies (antioxidant, anticholinesterase, tyrosinase, elastase, and cytotoxic), this method was used to exhibit which compound may be responsible for the activities. This developed and validated method could be easily applied to determine major/active/toxic secondary metabolites of Salvia species which are used and/or could be used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.

Biological and Chemical Comparison of Natural and Cultivated Samples of Satureja macrantha C.A.Mey.

“…In this study, the essential oil and flavour contents of the samples were analysed using Agilent brand 7890A Model GC/FID gas chromatograph and Agilent brand 5977B model mass spectrometer (MS). Components of essential oils (from shadow-dried aerial parts of the species) obtained by hydrodistillation method using Clevenger apparatus were determined by GC-MS/FID [13,14]. HP-5MS UI capillary column (30 m-0.25 mm and 0.25 µm film thickness) was used.…”

“…For flavour analysis, one gram of the dried plant material was directly placed into a 20 mL headspace vial and was incubated for 15 min at 40°C. Compounds in the flavour were extracted using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers made from StableFlex carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (CAR-PDMS) in 85μm, which were purchased from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA) [13,14]. The chromatographic conditions both for flavour and essential oil analyses were the same.…”

“…Molecular ions and two specific fragment ions with relative intensities of investigated compounds are presented in Table S1. Terpenoid-steroidflavonoid contents were investigated by using the method developed by Bakir et al [13].…”

The Chemical Investigation of Four Balanophora Species and Cytotoxicity with Inhibition of NO Production

“…Triterpenoids have been investigated by some chromatographic techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) [13,14], high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) [15], and mixed-mode liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry [16]. In this study, the GC-MS analysis has been performed to confirm the presence of triterpenoids in n-hexane fractions of four Balanophora species.…”

Determination of fingerprints contents of different extracts and parts of six endemic Salvia taxa by GC–MS: Source species for valuable compounds with drug or drug potential

“…However, there are very few quantitative studies in the literature on the less volatile components of Salvia species by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Most of these studies have been performed by our group (Akdeniz et al, 2021; Bakir et al, 2020; Yener, 2020). While no comparison was made between years in these studies, the type of content analysis of various parts of the species, such as roots, leaves and flowers, was compared.…”