A Gene Cluster Encoding Rhizoxin Biosynthesis in “<i>Burkholderia rhizoxina</i>”, the Bacterial Endosymbiont of the Fungus <i>Rhizopus microsporus</i>

Partida‐Martínez, Laila P.; Hertweck, Christian

doi:10.1002/cbic.200600393

Cited by 211 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The middle region, however, has primary affinities to NRPS-PKS biosynthetic pathways from other members of Proteobacteria or Cyanobacteria, viz., the end of nspC (modules 5-7) is similar to the PKS genes of the rhizoxin (rhi) biosynthetic gene clusters from Burkholderia sp. (12) and Pseudomonas sp. (13).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some polyketides produced by trans-AT PKSs, such as pederin (21,22,43), bryostatin (45,46), and rhizoxin (12,47), are known to participate in host defense and pathogenicity in symbiotic associations. It has also been suggested that PKS-NRPS compounds such as the microcystins, sometimes produced by cyanobacterial symbionts, may contribute to the chemical defense of lichens against grazers (35,36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metagenomic natural product discovery in lichen provides evidence for a family of biosynthetic pathways in diverse symbioses

Kampa

Gagunashvili

Gulder

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

126

127

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Bacteria are a major source of natural products that provide rich opportunities for both chemical and biological investigation. Although the vast majority of known bacterial metabolites derive from free-living organisms, increasing evidence supports the widespread existence of chemically prolific bacteria living in symbioses. A strategy based on bioinformatic prediction, symbiont cultivation, isotopic enrichment, and advanced analytics was used to characterize a unique polyketide, nosperin, from a lichen-associated Nostoc sp. cyanobacterium. The biosynthetic gene cluster and the structure of nosperin, determined from 30 μg of compound, are related to those of the pederin group previously known only from nonphotosynthetic bacteria associated with beetles and marine sponges. The presence of this natural product family in such highly dissimilar associations suggests that some bacterial metabolites may be specific to symbioses with eukaryotes and encourages exploration of other symbioses for drug discovery and better understanding of ecological interactions mediated by complex bacterial metabolites.biosynthesis | Peltigera membranacea | trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthase | 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic natural product discovery in lichen provides evidence for a family of biosynthetic pathways in diverse symbioses

Kampa

Gagunashvili

Gulder

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

126

127

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“…From in vitro studies, we know that Burkholderia can form either antagonistic or mutualistic interactions with fungi. Antagonistic behaviour of Burkholderia species is well described and is largely due to the production of multiple antifungal compounds (Lewenza and Sokol, 2001;Partida-Martinez and Hertweck, 2007;Schmidt et al, 2009) that can be inhibitory to a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi (Quan et al, 2006;Kilani-Feki et al, 2011;Groenhagen et al, 2013). It has been reported that many environmental Burkholderia strains have beneficial effects on fungi, suggesting symbiotic and/or mutualistic interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular mechanisms underlying the close association between soil Burkholderia and fungi

Stopnišek¹,

Zühlke²,

Carlier³

et al. 2015

The ISME Journal

109

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Bacterial species belonging to the genus Burkholderia have been repeatedly reported to be associated with fungi but the extent and specificity of these associations in soils remain undetermined. To assess whether associations between Burkholderia and fungi are widespread in soils, we performed a co-occurrence analysis in an intercontinental soil sample collection. This revealed that Burkholderia significantly co-occurred with a wide range of fungi. To analyse the molecular basis of the interaction, we selected two model fungi frequently co-occurring with Burkholderia, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani, and analysed the proteome changes caused by cultivation with either fungus in the widespread soil inhabitant B. glathei, whose genome we sequenced. Co-cultivation with both fungi led to very similar changes in the B. glathei proteome. Our results indicate that B. glathei significantly benefits from the interaction, which is exemplified by a lower abundance of several starvation factors that were highly expressed in pure culture. However, co-cultivation also gave rise to stress factors, as indicated by the increased expression of multidrug efflux pumps and proteins involved in oxidative stress response. Our data suggest that the ability of Burkholderia to establish a close association with fungi mainly lies in the capacities to utilize fungalsecreted metabolites and to overcome fungal defense mechanisms. This work indicates that beneficial interactions with fungi might contribute to the survival strategy of Burkholderia species in environments with sub-optimal conditions, including acidic soils.

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“…Recently, we have discovered an unprecedented toxinogenic alliance of the plant-pathogenic fungus Rhizopus microsporus and bacteria of the genus Burkholderia (Partida- Martinez and Hertweck, 2005). In this highly specialized association, endobacteria supply their fungal host with the highly antimitotic compound rhizoxin, which serves as a virulence factor in rice seedling blight (Scherlach et al, 2006;Partida-Martinez and Hertweck, 2007;PartidaMartinez et al, 2007a, b;Lackner et al, 2009b). Interestingly, genetic studies indicated that the fungal host has gained insensitivity towards the antimitotic agent produced by the bacteria, thus implying a pathogen-mutualism shift during evolution (Schmitt et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endofungal bacterium controls its host by an hrp type III secretion system

2010

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Burkholderia rhizoxinica and Rhizopus microsporus form a unique symbiosis in which intracellular bacteria produce the virulence factor of the phytopathogenic fungus. Notably, the host strictly requires endobacteria to sporulate. In this study, we show that the endofungal bacteria possess a type III secretion system (T3SS), which has a crucial role in the maintenance of the alliance. Mutants defective in type III secretion show reduced intracellular survival and fail to elicit sporulation of the host. Furthermore, genes coding for T3SS components are upregulated during cocultivation of the bacterial symbiont with their host. This is the first report on a T3SS involved in bacterial-fungal symbiosis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the T3SS represents a prototype of a clade of yet uncharacterized T3SSs within the hrp superfamily of T3SSs from plant pathogenic microorganisms. In a control experiment, we demonstrate that under laboratory conditions, rhizoxin production was not required for establishment of the symbiotic interaction.

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A Gene Cluster Encoding Rhizoxin Biosynthesis in “Burkholderia rhizoxina”, the Bacterial Endosymbiont of the Fungus Rhizopus microsporus

Cited by 211 publications

References 31 publications

Metagenomic natural product discovery in lichen provides evidence for a family of biosynthetic pathways in diverse symbioses

Metagenomic natural product discovery in lichen provides evidence for a family of biosynthetic pathways in diverse symbioses

Molecular mechanisms underlying the close association between soil Burkholderia and fungi

Endofungal bacterium controls its host by an hrp type III secretion system

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