A Gene Regulatory Network Model for Floral Transition of the Shoot Apex in Maize and Its Dynamic Modeling

Dong, Zhanshan; Danilevskaya, Olga N.; Abadie, T.; Messina, Carlos D.; Coles, Nathan D.; Cooper, Mark

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043450

Cited by 118 publications

(138 citation statements)

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“…These studies suggest that elevated levels of cytosine methylation within the ZmCCT promoter, particularly methylation of the INRNTPSADB motif, may contribute to low levels of ZmCCT transcription in HZS. (39), and a comprehensive photoperiod pathway that involves ZmCCT was proposed recently in maize (40). To demonstrate further the function of ZmCCT in the maize photoperiod pathway, RNA-seq data generated from HZS (TE-positive, Hap1) and its NIL (TEnegative, Hap6) allowed comprehensive screening of genes involved in the ZmCCT regulatory network.…”

Section: Te-related Haplotypes Displayed Variable Photoperiod Sensitimentioning

confidence: 99%

CACTA-like transposable element in ZmCCT attenuated photoperiod sensitivity and accelerated the postdomestication spread of maize

Yang

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

315

338

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The postdomestication adaptation of maize to longer days required reduced photoperiod sensitivity to optimize flowering time. We performed a genome-wide association study and confirmed that ZmCCT, encoding a CCT domain-containing protein, is associated with the photoperiod response. In early-flowering maize we detected a CACTA-like transposable element (TE) within the ZmCCT promoter that dramatically reduced flowering time. TE insertion likely occurred after domestication and was selected as maize adapted to temperate zones. This process resulted in a strong selective sweep within the TE-related block of linkage disequilibrium. Functional validations indicated that the TE represses ZmCCT expression to reduce photoperiod sensitivity, thus accelerating maize spread to long-day environments.

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Section: Te-related Haplotypes Displayed Variable Photoperiod Sensitimentioning

confidence: 99%

CACTA-like transposable element in ZmCCT attenuated photoperiod sensitivity and accelerated the postdomestication spread of maize

Yang

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

315

338

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“…Upregulating and downregulating ZCN8 mRNA also causes changes in leaf number. Comparative genomics and mutant analyses have identified several other flowering time genes in maize (Sheehan et al ., 2007; Danilevskaya et al ., 2008; Miller et al ., 2008; Dong et al ., 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetic architecture of leaf number and its genetic relationship to flowering time in maize

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2015

New Phytologist

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Summary The number of leaves and their distributions on plants are critical factors determining plant architecture in maize (Zea mays), and leaf number is frequently used as a measure of flowering time, a trait that is key to local environmental adaptation.Here, using a large set of 866 maize‐teosinte BC 2S3 recombinant inbred lines genotyped by using 19 838 single nucleotide polymorphism markers, we conducted a comprehensive genetic dissection to assess the genetic architecture of leaf number and its genetic relationship to flowering time.We demonstrated that the two components of total leaf number, the number of leaves above (LA) and below (LB) the primary ear, were under relatively independent genetic control and might be subject to differential directional selection during maize domestication and improvement. Furthermore, we revealed that flowering time and leaf number are commonly regulated at a moderate level. The pleiotropy of the genes ZCN8, dlf1 and ZmCCT on leaf number and flowering time were validated by near‐isogenic line analysis. Through fine mapping, qLA1‐1, a major‐effect locus that specifically affects LA, was delimited to a region with severe recombination suppression derived from teosinte.This study provides important insights into the genetic basis of traits affecting plant architecture and adaptation. The genetic independence of LA from LB enables the optimization of leaf number for ideal plant architecture breeding in maize.

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“…Some genes encoding proteins homologous to FTi components of Arabidopsis could be identified (Dong et al, 2012), including the photoperiodically regulated genes GIGZ1a and GIGZ1b encoding homologs of Arabidopsis GI (Miller et al, 2008). Interestingly, loss of GIGZ1a function results in an early-flowering phenotype under LD conditions, whereas Arabidopsis gi mutants show late flowering.…”

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confidence: 99%

Flowering Time-Regulated Genes in Maize Include the Transcription Factor ZmMADS1

Alter

Bircheneder²,

Zhou³

et al. 2016

Plant Physiol.

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Flowering time (FTi) control is well examined in the long-day plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and increasing knowledge is available for the short-day plant rice (Oryza sativa). In contrast, little is known in the day-neutral and agronomically important crop plant maize (Zea mays). To learn more about FTi and to identify novel regulators in this species, we first compared the time points of floral transition of almost 30 maize inbred lines and show that tropical lines exhibit a delay in flowering transition of more than 3 weeks under long-day conditions compared with European flint lines adapted to temperate climate zones. We further analyzed the leaf transcriptomes of four lines that exhibit strong differences in flowering transition to identify new key players of the flowering control network in maize. We found strong differences among regulated genes between these lines and thus assume that the regulation of FTi is very complex in maize. Especially genes encoding MADS box transcriptional regulators are up-regulated in leaves during the meristem transition. ZmMADS1 was selected for functional studies. We demonstrate that it represents a functional ortholog of the central FTi integrator SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) of Arabidopsis. RNA interference-mediated down-regulation of ZmMADS1 resulted in a delay of FTi in maize, while strong overexpression caused an early-flowering phenotype, indicating its role as a flowering activator. Taken together, we report that ZmMADS1 represents a positive FTi regulator that shares an evolutionarily conserved function with SOC1 and may now serve as an ideal stating point to study the integration and variation of FTi pathways also in maize.Flowering time (FTi) in crops is an important agronomical trait critical for harvesting date, biomass yield, crop rotation schemes, and terminal drought avoidance (Jung and Müller, 2009;Bendix et al., 2015). For flowering, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) has to change from vegetative to generative growth, a process called the floral transition. This process is controlled by various key players representing components of different signaling pathways triggered by both external and endogenous factors. The main environmental influence on FTi is derived from photoperiods or daylength as well as temperature. Unlike Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and some winter-annual crops like wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) that require vernalization by cold temperature periods for floral induction, this does not seem to play an essential role for flowering in maize (Zea mays). Furthermore, during thousands of years of breeding history, cultivated temperate maize is thought to have lost its photoperiod sensitivity and is well adapted to growth under longday (LD) conditions. Tropical lines flower under shortday (SD) conditions and depend on photoperiods to flower (Colasanti and Coneva, 2009). Especially in temperate maize lines, endogenous signals related to the developmental stage of the plant appear to play t...

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A Gene Regulatory Network Model for Floral Transition of the Shoot Apex in Maize and Its Dynamic Modeling

Cited by 118 publications

References 115 publications

CACTA-like transposable element in ZmCCT attenuated photoperiod sensitivity and accelerated the postdomestication spread of maize

CACTA-like transposable element in ZmCCT attenuated photoperiod sensitivity and accelerated the postdomestication spread of maize

The genetic architecture of leaf number and its genetic relationship to flowering time in maize

Flowering Time-Regulated Genes in Maize Include the Transcription Factor ZmMADS1

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