A general approach to high-efficiency perovskite solar cells by any antisolvent

Abstract

Deposition of perovskite films by antisolvent engineering is a highly common method employed in perovskite photovoltaics research. Herein, we report on a general method that allows for the fabrication of highly efficient perovskite solar cells by any antisolvent via manipulation of the antisolvent application rate. Through detailed structural, compositional, and microstructural characterization of perovskite layers fabricated by 14 different antisolvents, we identify two key factors that influence the quality of the perovskite layer: the solubility of the organic precursors in the antisolvent and its miscibility with the host solvent(s) of the perovskite precursor solution, which combine to produce rate-dependent behavior during the antisolvent application step. Leveraging this, we produce devices with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) that exceed 21% using a wide range of antisolvents. Moreover, we demonstrate that employing the optimal antisolvent application procedure allows for highly efficient solar cells to be fabricated from a broad range of precursor stoichiometries.

Polymer‐Based Anti‐Solvent Engineering to Fabricate Stable and Efficient Triple‐Cation Perovskite Solar Cells

“…[11] The anti-solvent approach allows quick nucleation for subsequent grain development, resulting in continuous and uniform layer after rapid heat treatment. [12] Unfortunately, some undesired phase or defect remains may persist on the perovskite, causing carriercharge recombination, which can degrade PSC efficiency over time. Also, the vacancies have been identified as the major flaws in the perovskite layer and excessive lead iodide (PbI 2 ) at the surface or at the GBs has been observed to cause undesired hysteresis and instability.…”

“…Many fabrication approaches have used, include one‐step deposition, sequential spin‐coating, flash infrared annealing, etc., [,10d] Since its introduction in 2015, the anti‐solvent approach has been well‐used for one‐step fabrication and has become an universal way for depositing a highly crystalline perovskite [11] . The anti‐solvent approach allows quick nucleation for subsequent grain development, resulting in continuous and uniform layer after rapid heat treatment [12] . Unfortunately, some undesired phase or defect remains may persist on the perovskite, causing carrier‐charge recombination, which can degrade PSC efficiency over time.…”

Surface Modification of Cs0.1(CH3NH3)0.9PbI3 by Isopropanol as Green Antisolvent for Efficiency Enhancement of Perovskite Solar Cells

“…The structural properties of perovskite films prepared by different antisolvents are studied and characterized using the X‐ray diffraction pattern, as shown in Figure 2c. The peaks of perovskite films exhibit 2 θ of 14.15, 20.05, 28.47, 31.94, 40.66, and 43.12° corresponding to (110), (112), (220), (310), (224), and (314), respectively, [ 32 ] indicating the patterns of tetragonal perovskite with lattice constants of a = 8.86 Å and c = 12.7 Å in the case of IPA‐treated films. The small peaks of PbI 2 phase at 12.7° are also observed in the perovskite patterns.…”

Switched‐On: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Metal Halide Perovskite Transistors

“…In the case of vertically-structured perovskite devices such as light-emitting or photovoltaic diodes, this entails the management of defects in the bulk and at the interfaces of the perovskite active layer. Such defect management is achieved through optimization of layer fabrication procedures, [89,246] use of additives for defect passivation [247] and post-processing surface reconstruction. [248,249] These strategies are directly applicable to perovskite FETs, yet to date remain underutilized.…”