“…This information is encoded in the frequency shift of these photons, denoted as z dRN 1,2 in Equation (55), which is directly observable. Consequently, by performing a statistical fit [49,[51][52][53] or solving an inverse problem, as demonstrated in [54], the set of spacetime parameters M, Q, , Λ can be estimated. In other words, Equation ( 55) enables the extraction of the spacetime properties characterized by the black hole mass M, electric charge Q, deformation , and cosmological constant Λ through the measurement of frequency shifts in the photons, z dRN 1,2 .…”