A generic unitary black-hole evaporation model based on first principles

Abstract

Based on the discretized horizon picture, we introduce a macroscopic effective model of the horizon area quanta that encapsulates the features necessary for black holes to evaporate consistently. The price to pay is the introduction of a "hidden sector" that represents our lack of knowledge about the final destination of the black hole entropy. We focus on the peculiar form of the interaction between this hidden sector and the black hole enforced by the self-consistency. Despite the expressive power of the model, we arrive at several qualitative statements. Furthermore, we identify these statements as features inside the microscopic density of states of the horizon quanta, with the dimension of the configuration space being associated with the area per quanta in Planck unit, a UV cutoff proportional to the amount of excess entropy relative to Bekenstein's law at the end of evaporation, and a zero-frequency-pole-like structure corresponding to, similarly, the amount of excess entropy at IR limit. We then relate this nearly-zero-frequency structure to the soft hairs proposed by Strominger et al., and argue that we should consider deviating away from the zero frequency limit for soft hairs to participate in the black hole evaporation.

Solving information loss paradox via Euclidean path integral

“…This implies that there exists a situation where the entanglement entropy is greater than that of the areal entropy. Thus the proposed monster state or the remnant-like state [10,27] seems to be realized. However, this is not so surprising if the total number of states varies as time goes on.…”

“…The 'firewall' conjecture [3], on the other hand, attempts to solve the paradox by violating GR equivalence principle near the black hole horizon, but was argued to be problematic [7,8]. In order to render the black hole evaporation process unitary, it may be necessary to invoke some unknown new mechanism or a hidden sector [9][10][11] that lies outside proper GR and QFT. A natural consequence is that such new element must be derived from quantum gravity.…”

Tunneling between Multiple Histories as a Solution to the Information Loss Paradox

“…More recently, there has been a new attempt to resolve this paradox by invoking the quantum gravitational corrections to the amplitude of Hawking radiation as a mechanism to release the information [9]. In order to render the black hole evaporation process unitary, it may be necessary to invoke some unknown new mechanism or a hidden sector [10][11][12] that lies outside proper GR and QFT. An implicit assumption is that such new elements must be deduced from quantum gravity.…”

Tunneling between multiple histories as a solution to the information loss paradox

“…The 'firewall' conjecture [3], on the other hand, attempts to solve the paradox by violating GR equivalence principle near the black hole horizon, but was argued to be problematic [7,8]. In order to render the black hole evaporation process unitary, it may be necessary to invoke some unknown new mechanism or a hidden sector [9][10][11] that lies outside proper GR and QFT. An implicit assumption is that such new elements must be deduced from quantum gravity.…”