A genetic analysis of the<i>rudimentary</i>locus of<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>

Carlson, Peter S.

doi:10.1017/s0016672300012039

Cited by 86 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…rS6k is an r allele which falls into the DHO-complementation group (5). r9 is an r allele that falls into the ATC-complementation group (5). 7yrI-I7 is an r allele which falls into the CPScomplementation group (11).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

P-element-induced control mutations at the r gene of Drosophila melanogaster.

Tsubota¹,

Ashburner²,

Schedl³

1985

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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The P-M hybrid dysgenesis system was used to produce five putative regulatory mutations at the rudimentary locus, r. All five mutations were the result of insertions at the 5' end of the gene, upstream of the proposed start of transcription. All of the mutants displayed a leaky wing phenotype, and four of the mutants showed an uncoupling of the wing and female-sterility phenotypes, suggesting that they altered the normal spatial and temporal expression of the r gene. Four of the insertions were P elements. The fifth insertion, which was larger than an intact P element, consisted of a small P element connected to non-P-element DNA. Two of the mutants produced very little r transcript in adult females and were clustered 80 to 150 base pairs upstream of the start of transcription. The other three mutants had higher levels of r transcript in adult females and were clustered 440 to 500 base pairs upstream of the start of transcription. All of the data suggest that the insertions are in a 5' noncoding region of the r gene involved in the control of its spatial and temporal expression.The control of gene expression in higher eucaryotes, such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been a major interest of both geneticists and developmental biologists, yet very little is known concerning the mechanisms involved in regulating gene expression. One of the major stumbling blocks in studying gene regulation in D. melanogaster has been the inability of geneticists to generate regulatory mutations. Selective screens have been available to recover regulatory mutations at the rosy (xanthane dehydrogenase), adh (alcohol dehydrogenase), and rudimentaryhowever, no regulatory mutations have been recovered in screens with conventional mutagens such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and X-rays. In fact the only putative control mutations at these loci have been isolated either from natural populations (6, 33) or as spontaneous mutations (35). Hence, it could be argued that control regions of Drosophila genes and perhaps genes of other eucaryotes may be refractory to many of the standard mutagens and that it would be worthwhile employing a somewhat different approach for the generation of regulatory mutations.One such approach would be to use transposing elements as mutagens in schemes to isolate regulatory mutations. This possibility is suggested by the work of Barbara McClintock on controlling elements in maize (20). These elements are transposable elements that insert in and around a gene and alter its pattern of expression (4, 7). Transposable elements have been shown to be responsible for regulatory mutations in other organisms as well. These elements include the Ty elements in yeast cells (9,27,34,36), avian leukosis viruses in both the 3' and 5' noncoding region of oncogenes (14,22,25), and insertions in the 5' noncoding region of Drosophila genes (21, 31). To use transposing elements in schemes to isolate regulatory mutations, several requirements should be met. First, a transposing-element system that is capable of produc...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

P-element-induced control mutations at the r gene of Drosophila melanogaster.

Tsubota¹,

Ashburner²,

Schedl³

1985

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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“…Freeling (1976) reported that revertant frequency from Adh-to Adh+ in maize is approximately 10~4~10_5. Studies of the rosy cistron in D. melanogaster by Chovnick et al (1964) and Chovnick et al (1970), the maroon-like cistron in D. melanogaster by Smith et al (1970), and the rudimentary locus in the same species by Carlson (1971) strongly indicate the existence of intragenic recombination. Their data are in good agreement with the observation in the present study that the mutation rate appears to be of the order of 10'5 per locus.…”

Section: Directional Occurrence Of New Variantsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Studies on mutation at esterase loci in Drosophila virilis. I. Spontaneous mutation rates and newly arisen variants.

Tsuno

1981

The Japanese journal of genetics

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Using two different kinds of experiment, spontaneous mutation at two esterase loci in D. virilis was investigated with special reference to heterozygosity and sex. Twelve newly-arisen variants at the two loci have been obtained among approximately 800,000 genes examined in cross experiments, and eight variants from cage experiments. The experiments have revealed the following features which appear to be unique to the present study. (1) In the cross experiments only female heterozygotes produced new variants, at a rate of 0.51.0 X 10-4/a-locus/ generation.(2) The a-esterase alleles appear to mutate in a particular direction. (3) New variants (a8+ and i ) which have not been observed previously have been obtained. (4) The Est-a locus coding for a monomer esterase appears to be more mutable than the Est-j3 locus coding for a dimer enzyme. (5) In the cage experiments, the gene frequencies of newly arisen variants, except f or a8+, remained nearly constant.Intracistronic recombination has been suggested as the mechanism responsible for these phenomena.

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“…This multiplier gives estimated mean c values in Drosophila melanogaster of 0000058 for rosy (data of Hilliker and Chovnick, 1981), 0000034 for maroon-like (data of Smith, Finnerty and Chovnick, 1970), 000036 for rudimentary (data of Carlson, 1971, combining information in his fig. 2 and Table 7), 00003l for garnet (Hexter, 1958, quoted by Whitehouse, 1982 and 0000068 for white (Green, 1960, quoted by Whitehouse, 1982.…”

Section: Main Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The properties of meiotic gene conversion important in its effects on evolution

Lamb

1984

Heredity

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SUMMARYIn order to determine how important gene conversion is as a force in populations, extensive surveys have been made to determine the limits, distributions and typical values of evolution-related conversion parameters from various fungi, Drosophila and maize. The conversion frequency, c, had an enormous range for different mutations within a species, with loci often having different means and limits for c. b, the frequency of a particular allelle in the products of meiotic tetrads or octads with aberrant segregation ratios, often showed values near the theoretical extremes; d, disparity in direction of conversion, was frequent and often extreme. b and d could only be studied in fungi, and their less extreme values in Saccharomyces than in Sordaria orAscobolus are clearly related to the lack of frame-shift mutations in the yeast data. For different mutations at a locus, neither c nor b showed normal distributions; both gave dispersed distributions, sometimes multi-modal for b; c and b were not usually correlated. y, the force of meiotic gene conversion on allele frequencies, had a large range of positive and negative values, with different loci often having quite different limits and mean absolute values. For different mutations at a locus, y showed dispersed distributions, with little tendency to cluster around zero. The high proportion of non-zero y values in all fungi where this could be studied, with large departures from zero being most extreme in Ascobolus and Sordaria brevicollis, shows that gene conversion could often be an important force in changing allele frequencies in favour of mutant or wild-type in these organisms. Even in organisms with much lower c or absolute d values, conversion could still be important, depending on dominance, selection coefficients and mutation rates. Presumed frame-shifts tended to have more extreme disparity and hence higher absolute y values than did presumed base-substitutions, but with no Consistent C differences. Induced mutations had similar or slightly higher absolute y values compared with spontaneous mutations.

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A genetic analysis of therudimentarylocus ofDrosophila melanogaster

Cited by 86 publications

References 25 publications

P-element-induced control mutations at the r gene of Drosophila melanogaster.

P-element-induced control mutations at the r gene of Drosophila melanogaster.

Studies on mutation at esterase loci in Drosophila virilis. I. Spontaneous mutation rates and newly arisen variants.

The properties of meiotic gene conversion important in its effects on evolution

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