A genetic based algorithm for frequency-relaying applications

Genetic algorithms applied to phasor estimation and frequency tracking in PMU development

“…The continuous development of hardware have enabled real-time implementation of complex methods for a variety of applications. El-Naggar and Youssef [21] presents a pioneer publication using GAs in estimation problems for frequency relays. Pursuing realtime applications, an optimized GA was presented in [22,23].…”

A Modified Least Mean Square Method Applied to Frequency Relaying

“…Thus, some researchers have proposed different techniques to solve the frequency estimation problem. Algorithms based on the phasor estimation, using the LMS method, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), intelligent techniques, the Kalman Filter, the Genetic Algorithms, the Weighted Least Square (WLS) technique, the three-phase Phase-Locked Loop (3PLL) and the Adaptive Notch Filter (Dash et al, 1999;1997;El-Naggar & Youssed, 2000;Girgis & Ham, 1982;Karimi-Ghartemani et al, 2009;Kusljevic et al, 2010;Mojiri et al, 2010;Phadke et al, 1983;Rawat & Parthasarathy, 2009;Sachdev & Giray, 1985). The adaptive filter based on the 17 www.intechopen.com LMS proposed by Pradhan et al (2005) should be outlined.…”

Frequency measurement of distorted signals using Fourier and zero crossing techniques

“…The algorithm based on Newton method was less sensitive to the DC component and harmonic distortions, but it was quite hardware demanding. The frequency measuring algorithm using complex computer techniques like generic algorithm [19] or neural networks [20,21] have been developed recently.…”