A Genetic Locus for the Regulation of Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis

Stent, Gunther S.; Brenner, Sydney

doi:10.1073/pnas.47.12.2005

Cited by 464 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The first important observation was reported over 40 years ago in a study of a bacterial mutant that responds abnormally to amino acid starvation (123). In wild-type bacteria, the accumulation of rRNA immediately ceases if any one amino acid is in short supply.…”

Section: Stringent and Relaxed Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In wild-type bacteria, the accumulation of rRNA immediately ceases if any one amino acid is in short supply. Stent and Brenner (123) concluded that RNA synthesis (actually stable RNA, i.e., rRNA and tRNA synthesis) has a stringent requirement for the presence of all 20 amino acids. Accordingly, the cessation of rRNA synthesis under these conditions became known as the stringent response.…”

Section: Stringent and Relaxed Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of rRNA Synthesis in Escherichia coli : a Systems Biology Approach

Dennis

Ehrenberg

Bremer

2004

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

163

169

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SUMMARY The first part of this review contains an overview of the various contributions and models relating to the control of rRNA synthesis reported over the last 45 years. The second part describes a systems biology approach to identify the factors and effectors that control the interactions between RNA polymerase and rRNA (rrn) promoters of Escherichia coli bacteria during exponential growth in different media. This analysis is based on measurements of absolute rrn promoter activities as transcripts per minute per promoter in bacterial strains either deficient or proficient in the synthesis of the factor Fis and/or the effector ppGpp. These absolute promoter activities are evaluated in terms of rrn promoter strength (V max/Km ) and free RNA polymerase concentrations. Three major conclusions emerge from this evaluation. First, the rrn promoters are not saturated with RNA polymerase. As a consequence, changes in the concentration of free RNA polymerase contribute to changes in rrn promoter activities. Second, rrn P2 promoter strength is not specifically regulated during exponential growth at different rates; its activity changes only when the concentration of free RNA polymerase changes. Third, the effector ppGpp reduces the strength of the rrn P1 promoter both directly and indirectly by reducing synthesis of the stimulating factor Fis. This control of rrn P1 promoter strength forms part of a larger feedback loop that adjusts the synthesis of ribosomes to the availability of amino acids via amino acid-dependent control of ppGpp accumulation.

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Section: Stringent and Relaxed Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stringent and Relaxed Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of rRNA Synthesis in Escherichia coli : a Systems Biology Approach

Dennis

Ehrenberg

Bremer

2004

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

163

169

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“…coli cells elicit stringent control of ribosome production during the transition from exponential growth to stationary phase (Stent and Brenner, 1961;Chatterji and Ojha, 2001). This control encompasses a rapid reduction in superfluous rRNA biosynthesis during cellular starvation (Cashel et al ., 1996).…”

Section: Role Of Ppgpp In Sigma Factor Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroReview: Growth versus maintenance: a trade‐off dictated by RNA polymerase availability and sigma factor competition?

Nyström

2004

Molecular Microbiology

203

189

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SummaryThe regulatory design of higher organisms is proposed to comprise a trade-off between activities devoted to reproduction and those devoted to cellular maintenance and repair. Excessive reproduction will inevitably limit the organism's ability to resist stress whereas excessively devoted stress defence systems may increase lifespan but reduce Darwinian fitness. The trade-off is arguably a consequence of limited resources in any one organism but the nature and identity of such limiting resources are ambiguous. Analysis of global control of gene expression in Escherichia coli suggests that reproduction and maintenance activities are also at odds in bacteria and that this antagonism may be a consequence of a battle between transcription factors for limiting RNA polymerase. The outcome of this battle is regulated and depends on the nutritional status of the environment, the levels of the alarmone ppGpp, and RNA polymerase availability. This paper reviews how the concentration of RNA polymerase available for transcription initiation may vary upon shifts between growth and growth-arrest conditions and how this adjustment may differentially affect genes whose functions relate to reproduction and maintenance.

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“…Cells of Escherichia coli rapidly inhibit ribosome biosynthesis during transition from exponential growth to stasis (1,2), a response encompassing a swift reduction in rRNA and tRNA biosynthesis (3). This response, called the stringent response of stable RNA synthesis, was first observed during amino acid starvation but is now known to be elicited by a large variety of conditions limiting cellular reproduction (3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Proximal Promoter Element Required for Positive Transcriptional Control by Guanosine Tetraphosphate and DksA Protein during the Stringent Response

Gummesson¹,

Lovmar²,

Nyström

2013

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: ppGpp/DksA regulate genes both positively and negatively during stringency. Results: Positive control by ppGpp/DksA is linked to RNA polymerase-promoter saturation kinetics dependent on the promoter's discriminator. Conclusion: Promoters harboring discriminators that make them easily saturated with RNA polymerase are controlled positively by ppGpp/DksA. Significance: The discriminator is a cis-acting element dictating the response of the promoter to alterations in ppGpp/DksA and RNA polymerase availability.

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A Genetic Locus for the Regulation of Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis

Cited by 464 publications

References 16 publications

Control of rRNA Synthesis in Escherichia coli : a Systems Biology Approach

Control of rRNA Synthesis in Escherichia coli : a Systems Biology Approach

MicroReview: Growth versus maintenance: a trade‐off dictated by RNA polymerase availability and sigma factor competition?

A Proximal Promoter Element Required for Positive Transcriptional Control by Guanosine Tetraphosphate and DksA Protein during the Stringent Response

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