“…Silling and Lehoucq [44] tested the theory's robustness and efficiency, comparing the force densities of PD and classical elasticity theory. A considerable amount of studies using PD have been published, such as combining PD and FEM [45,46], the effect of corrosion pits on crack propagation [47], Hookean type membrane deformation under different loading conditions [48], fracture in polycrystalline materials [49], modelling of explosive loading on composite laminates [50], a geometrically exact formulation of PD [51], and plate deformations [52,53]. Besides, PD has been implemented in various applications such as flat shells under in-plane loading [54], extended non-ordinary state-based PD [55], effect of porosity on fatigue nucleation [56], crack growth modelling during fatigue [57], and higher order FGMs [58].…”