A Global Analysis of Delayed SARS-CoV-2/Cancer Model with Immune Response

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. It appeared in China in late 2019 and rapidly spread to most countries of the world. Cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at higher risk of developing severe infection and death. This risk increases further in the presence of lymphopenia affecting the lymphocytes count. Here, we develop a delayed within-host SARS-CoV-2/cancer model. The model describes the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients and its effect on the functionality of immune responses. The model considers the time delays that affect the growth rates of healthy epithelial cells and cancer cells. We provide a detailed analysis of the model by proving the nonnegativity and boundedness of the solutions, finding steady states, and showing the global stability of the different steady states. We perform numerical simulations to highlight some important observations. The results indicate that increasing the time delay in the growth rate of cancer cells reduced the size of tumors and decreased the likelihood of deterioration in the condition of SARS-CoV-2/cancer patients. On the other hand, lymphopenia increased the concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 particles and cancer cells, which worsened the condition of the patient.

Modeling SARS-CoV-2 and HBV co-dynamics with optimal control

“…A lot of mathematical models have been proposed to investigate the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] . The authors in [14] have developed a model to study the dynamics of COVID-19 with main focus on the importance of social distancing, usage of face masks usage and case detection.…”

“…Al Agha et al. [21] developed a within-host delay differential equation model to study the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients infected with cancer.…”

Stability analysis of within‐host SARS‐CoV‐2/HIV coinfection model

“… 5 ACE2 is expressed in the lungs, heart, pancreas, kidney, and other organs. 5 , 6 Nevertheless, it is mainly expressed in the alveolar epithelial type 2 cells of the lungs, which makes them the main target for SARS‐CoV‐2. 6 SARS‐CoV‐2 is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets that contain viral particles.…”

“… 5 , 6 Nevertheless, it is mainly expressed in the alveolar epithelial type 2 cells of the lungs, which makes them the main target for SARS‐CoV‐2. 6 SARS‐CoV‐2 is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets that contain viral particles. 7 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an emergency use authorization for many monoclonal antibody therapies for COVID‐19.…”

“…It binds to the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of the host cell 5 . ACE2 is expressed in the lungs, heart, pancreas, kidney, and other organs 5,6 . Nevertheless, it is mainly expressed in the alveolar epithelial type 2 cells of the lungs, which makes them the main target for SARS‐CoV‐2 6 .…”