A glow of HLA typing in organ transplantation

Abstract

The transplant of organs and tissues is one of the greatest curative achievements of this century. In organ transplantation, the adaptive immunity is considered the main response exerted to the transplanted tissue, since the main goal of the immune response is the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules expressed on the surface of donor cells. Cell surface molecules that induce an antigenic stimulus cause the rejection immune response to grafted tissue or organ. A wide variety of transplantation antigens have been described, including the major histocompatibility molecules, minor histocompatibility antigens, ABO blood group antigens and endothelial cell antigens. The sensitization to MHC antigens may be caused by transfusions, pregnancy, or failed previous grafts leading to development of anti‐human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies that are important factor responsible for graft rejection in solid organ transplantation and play a role in post‐transfusion complication Anti‐HLA Abs may be present in healthy individuals. Methods for HLA typing are described, including serological methods, molecular techniques of sequence‐specific priming (SSP), sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probing (SSOP), Sequence based typing (SBT) and reference strand‐based conformation analysis (RSCA) method. Problems with organ transplantation are reservoir of organs and immune suppressive treatments that used to decrease rate of rejection with less side effect and complications.

Association of Early Kidney Allograft Failure with Preformed IgA Antibodies to β 2-Glycoprotein I

“…33,34 Autoantibodies that have been associated with rejection in animal models may be important in allograft loss. However, their real role in humans is still insufficiently known.…”

Chronic inflammation of the placenta: definition, classification, pathogenesis, and clinical significance

“…Allograft rejection results from a cellular and/or humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response by the recipient of a graft 145–152 . The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules include human leukocyte antigens (HLA), and this system is implicated in the rejection of solid organs 153–157 as well as bone marrow 158 . We have proposed that disruption of the tolerogenic state of normal pregnancy leads to maternal anti-fetal rejection, placental damage, and complications of pregnancy (i.e.…”

In silicotools for accurate HLA and KIR inference from clinical sequencing data empower immunogenetics on individual-patient and population scales

“…In the clinic, achieving matched HLA alleles between the donor and recipient is critical for organ and stem cell transplantation, such that HLA typing and matching have been integrated as part of standard clinical protocols for decades. [9][10][11] HLA typing has also become increasingly important in diagnostics and clinical practice. For example, several approved drugs carry labels indicating increased risk for adverse events for carriers of specific HLA alleles.…”