A Glycosidic Spinasterol from Koreana stewartia Promotes Procollagen Production and Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Expression in UVB-Irradiated Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Abstract

UV irradiation, particularly that of UVB (290-320 nm), causes various adverse effects to human skin, the most serious being skin cancer and premature skin aging (photoaging). [1][2][3] The functional properties of skin depend on the integrity of collagens, which are the most abundant structural proteins in dermis. 4) Type 1 collagen, which accounts for 70-90% of all collagen, is synthesized by fibroblasts as a soluble precursor, type 1 procollagen, secreted and proteolytically processed to form insoluble collagen fibers in the dermis. 5,6) The production and fibrillar organization of collagen in the skin are reduced by UV irradiation whereas gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is increased. 7) Among MMPs, MMP-1 is the most responsible for the degradation of type 1 collagen in the skin. [8][9][10] Collagen degradation and inhibition of collagen production impair the structural integrity of the skin during photoaging. Therefore, control of collagen metabolism may be useful for a variety of therapeutic and cosmetic applications.Recently, a variety of herbs and plants have traditionally been used in cosmetic applications for the treatment of collagen synthesis and collagenase inhibition. [11][12][13][14][15] It has been widely reported that natural compounds from plants are potential sources of MMP inhibitors, which may prevent or mitigated UV-induced skin aging. [16][17][18] Stewartia koreana (Theaceae), a deciduous tree, is native to Korea and grows throughout the whole area of Korea. It prefers a partly shaded to full sun area, and favors a rich, moist, well-drained, and acidic loam. The leaves are dark green, elliptical, and mildly serrulate, and alternately arranged on stem. In autumn, the leaves turn a bright red to reddish purple. Usually in July, white solitary flowers bloom with 5-6 petals and yellow stamens. The flowers open wider with a more flattened look than most other species of Stewartia. The fruits ripen as an inconspicuous pentagon-shaped one in October.The bark is well exfoliated, ranging in color from soft grays and tans to orange and reddish browns. 19) We previously reported that Stewarita koreana extract induced angiogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in a mouse model. It has also been reported that alcohol extracts from Stewartia koreana stimulate vasculization in vivo 20) but there is no report for the individual components of the plant. In addition, our preliminary experiments showed that the alcohol extracts were very effective in restoring wounds on punched skin of the back of mice. Therefore, this study was initiated to determine the principal components that manifest the biological activity. We isolated a number of compounds from Stewarita koreana extract. In the present study, we identified an active compound, 3-O-b-D-glucopyranosylspinasterol (spinasterol-Glc), and investigated its effect on the levels of collagen and on the expression of MMP-1 in UVB-treated fibroblast cells. We found that spinasterol-Glc inhibits collagen degradation in UVB-induced fib...

Inhibitory effects of a spinasterol glycoside on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines via down-regulating MAP kinase pathways and NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells

“…A number of phytosterols such as α-amyrin, isoquercitrin, and 3-O-β-D-glucopyanosylspinasterol (spinasterol-Glc) were isolated from methanol extracts of S. koreana leaves. Recently, spinasterol-Glc was shown to promote procollagen production and to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblast cells [21]. In the present study, we demonstrate that spinasterol-Glc strongly inhibits the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.…”

“…Several studies reported that spinasterol has a number of biological activities including anti-ulcerogenic activity, apoptotic and anti-tumor activities [31][32][33][34]. Spinasterol-Glc is a glycoside derivative of spinasterol, which was isolated from leaves of S. koreana [21]. Plant sterols have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in both humans and experimental animals [35][36][37].…”

“…The leaves of S. koreana were harvested in 80% aqueous MeOH and spinasterol-Glc was isolated from the leaves of S. koreana as previously described [21]. Cell culture medium, reagents and other chemicals were obtained commercially as indicated.…”

Comparison of Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Acid Hydrolysis of Sterol Glycosides from Foods Rich in Δ7‐Sterols

“…The importance of the correct determination of Δ 7sterol of plants is also demonstrated by the prominent role of pumpkin seed oil in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia [31]. Furthermore, it has been shown that spinasteryl glucoside can be used as a potential anti-inflammatory agent and protects fibroblast cells from adverse effects of UV radiation [47,48], which emphasizes the therapeutic use of certain SG species for which potential sources have to be identified. Enzymatic hydrolysis allows improved sample preparation for the analysis of sterols in a broad range of plant materials due to the preservation of labile sterols and avoidance of artifact formation, as well as enabling the analysis of sterol profiles consisting of less abundant SG.…”

Protective Effect of Processed Panax ginseng, Sun Ginseng on UVB-irradiated Human Skin Keratinocyte and Human Dermal Fibroblast

“…Some natural products have been reported to reduce the UVB-induced collagen degradation. Glycosidic spinasterol recovered procollagen level in the UVB exposed human dermal fibroblasts [45]. Compounds such as spinasterol might be potentially used as an agent for the protection and treatment of UV-induced skin damage.…”