A GPS Spoofing Generator Using an Open Sourced Vector Tracking-Based Receiver

Abstract

Spoofing can seriously threaten the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in critical applications such as positioning and navigation of autonomous vehicles. Research into spoofing generation will contribute to assessment of the threat of possible spoofing attacks and help in the development of anti-spoofing methods. However, the recent commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) spoofing generators are expensive and the technology implementation is complicated. To address the above problem and promote the GPS safety-critical applications, a spoofing generator using a vector tracking-based software-defined receiver is proposed in this contribution. The spoofing generator aims to modify the raw signals by cancelling the actual signal component and adding the spoofing signal component. The connections between the spreading code and carrier, and the states of the victim receiver are established through vector tracking. The actual signal can be predicted effectively, and the spoofing signal will be generated with the spoofing trajectory at the same time. The experimental test results show that the spoofing attack signal can effectively mislead the victim receiver to the designed trajectory. Neither the tracking channels nor the positioning observations have abnormal changes during this processing period. The recent anti-spoofing methods cannot detect this internal spoofing easily. The proposed spoofing generator can cover all open-sky satellites with a high quality of concealment. With the superiority of programmability and diversity, it is believed that the proposed method based on an open source software-defined receiver has a great value for anti-spoofing research of different GNSS signals.

Contemporary GPS Security Mechanisms

“…For spoofing detection machine learning [59], maximum likelihood estimation [60], and co-operation of multiple detections [61] [62] proved effective but depend on prior information about the signal features. Mechanism showed in [63] is comprehensive and covers all missing aspects.…”

“…Authors in [63] proposed a viable and effective GPS spoofing generator using a vector tracking based software defined receiver. It can cover all open sky satellites with high quality of concealment.…”

Deep Learning-Based Autonomous Driving Systems: A Survey of Attacks and Defenses

“…In 2013, a yacht encountered a GPS spoofing attack, causing it to deviate away from the pre-set route [54]. In [55], an open-source GPS spoofing generator was proposed, which can block all the legitimate signals. In [56], a similar GPS spoofing device was implemented to successfully attack commercial civilian GPS receivers.…”

Spoofing Detection of Civilian UAVs Using Visual Odometry

“…More details can be found in [5,21,[23][24][25][26][27]. The GRS anti-spoofing techniques just rely on the processing of the GPS signal to detect and confront the RFI attacks, and it will be capable of failure in the use of the more advanced hardware and sophisticated methods by invaders [6,21,[28][29][30].In HPR techniques, the aiding position data from other positioning systems such as INS [22,31] and LBS (Location-Based Service) or communication systems, such as the cellular networks [32] or Wi-Fi stations, as the wireless positioning systems [5], and the vision-based positioning system [33] are used to GPS spoofing detection and mitigation [6]. The current HPR techniques suffer from some drawbacks.…”

“…More details can be found in [5,21,[23][24][25][26][27]. The GRS anti-spoofing techniques just rely on the processing of the GPS signal to detect and confront the RFI attacks, and it will be capable of failure in the use of the more advanced hardware and sophisticated methods by invaders [6,21,[28][29][30].…”