A gradient elastic homogenisation model for brick masonry

Kouris, Leonidas Alexandros S.; Bournas, Dionysios A.; Akintayo, Olufemi T.; Konstantinidis, Avraam; Aifantis, Elias C.

doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110311

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…URM is assumed to be a homogeneous and isotropic material [64][65][66][67][68]. The homogenized elastic modulus [69] and the other properties of masonry were retrieved from the literature [70][71][72][73][74].…”

Section: Modal Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment and Fragility of Byzantine Unreinforced Masonry Towers

Kouris

Konstantinidis

et al. 2021

Infrastructures

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The seismic response of five cultural heritage towers erected between the 9th and 10th century AD are investigated herein. Firstly, their architectural and modal characteristics were studied in the light of seismic events that hit the monuments. There exist several historical reports of strong earthquakes, as well as damaged structures and collapses. The limit analysis is adopted to examine the post-elastic behavior of the towers up to collapse due to out-of-plane failure. Recurrent damage modes were collected from recent earthquakes and a classification of four possible collapse mechanisms in towers and slender masonry structures is here proposed: overturning, separation of perpendicular walls, diagonal cracking, and dislocation of the belfry. A thorough examination of the towers under investigation verified the proposed damage classification. The capacity curves were derived combining the capacity curves of each of the collapse mechanisms. Damage thresholds were defined on these curves in correspondence with damage states. The studied group of structures is representative of a wider typology. A statistical approach was adopted to describe damage with seismic intensity, and vulnerability curves were generated. The results of this study will improve the understanding of the performance and the collapse mechanisms of slender masonry structures under seismic loading and provide a characterization of seismic vulnerability for the studied cultural heritage types of towers.

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Section: Modal Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment and Fragility of Byzantine Unreinforced Masonry Towers

Kouris

Konstantinidis

et al. 2021

Infrastructures

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“…It is important to mention that the deformation test did not depend on comparing the 3DPBDCB linear models with industrial hollow or bulk bricks since conventional industrial bricks don’t depend on elastic behaviour resulting from the geometrical design of the brick but rather on the material properties of the clay/ceramic itself . There are no unified criteria of comparison between the various geometrical designs of a brick and their elasticity with the conventional cuboid form of an industrial brick that its mechanical properties test depends more on its material and microstructure, as in [ 45 , 46 ], or its assembly in a full clay/masonry-brick wall [ 47 ] or the honeycomb form of a hollow brick. Thus, the authors decided to avoid the confusion between material properties and geometry properties that would occur if the 3DPBDCB linear models were compared to industrial bricks in the elasticity test.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The New Standard Is Biodigital: Durable and Elastic 3D-Printed Biodigital Clay Bricks

Estévez

Abdallah

2022

Biomimetics

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In a previously published study, the authors explained the formal design efficiency of the 3D-printed biodigital clay bricks 3DPBDCB: a project that aimed to change the conventional methods of clay brick design and mass production. This was achieved by employing the behavioural algorithms of reaction-diffusion and the shortest path that were extracted from the exact material physical properties and hydrophilic behaviours of clay and controlled material deposition 3D printing to create sustainable clay bricks. Sustainability in their use in the built environment and their production processes, with full potential sustainability aspects such as passive cooling, thermal and acoustical insulation, and bio receptivity. The current work studies the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed biodigital clay bricks as elastic and durable clay bricks whose properties depend mainly on their geometrical composition and form. Each of the three families of the 3D-printed biodigital clay bricks (V1, V2, V3) includes the linear model of a double line of 0.5 cm thickness and a bulk model of 55% density were tested for compression and elasticity and compared to models of standard industrial clay bricks. The results revealed that the best elasticity pre-cracking was achieved by the V2 linear model, followed by the V3 linear model, which also achieved the highest post-cracking elasticity—enduring until 150 kN pre-cracking and 200 kN post-cracking, which makes the V3 linear model eligible for potential application in earthquake-resistant buildings. While the same model V3-linear achieved the second-best compressive strength enduring until 170 kN. The best compressive strength was recorded by the V1 linear and bulk model enduring up to 240 kN without collapsing, exceeding the strength and resistance of the industrial clay bricks with both models, where the bulk and the perforated collapsed at 200 kN and 140 kN, respectively. Thus, the mass production and integration of the V1 bulk and linear model and the V3 linear model are recommended for the construction industry and the architectural built environment for their multi-aspect sustainability and enhanced mechanical properties.

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“…To reduce the computational costs associated with the distinct modelling of each constituent separately (e.g., brick and mortar), smeared cracking or continuum damage plasticity models for the homogenised material [38][39][40][41] have been proposed. Within this setting, the homogenisation theory has been a key approach to simplify the modelling difficulties related to the exact description of masonry constituents and their interactions in terms of material properties, as well as their geometry, yielding to a material which does not make a distinction between masonry units and mortar joints [42][43][44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical Equations for Modelling Yarn–Mortar Debonding in TRM-Strengthened Masonry Walls Subjected to Out-of-Plane Loading

Kouris,

Triantafyllou,

Bournas

et al. 2023

Buildings

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The effectiveness of textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) strengthening of masonry walls largely depends on the bond between the constituent materials. Finite element analysis (FEA) can provide valuable insights on the effect of the parameters affecting the bond; however, detailed FEA is computationally intensive. To alleviate this, we develop novel empirical equations to estimate effective textile fibre properties, thus implicitly accounting for yarn and mortar debonding. As a result, 3D finite element simulations of strengthened wall specimens are simplified and accelerated. The proposed scheme is calibrated using load–displacement paths derived from experimental data, and the simulated failure modes are compared against the experimental ones demonstrating perfect agreement. A parametric analysis is conducted, exploring the impact of the mechanical ratio of TRM reinforcement and the axial wall load on the effectiveness of TRM strengthening. We demonstrate that low values of mechanical reinforcement, corresponding to natural fibres, give rise to an 8-fold increase in the capacity of unreinforced walls. The findings draw conclusions about the efficacy of TRM strengthening in masonry structures, and provide valuable insights for optimising TRM reinforcement, considering different fibre materials and axial loads in masonry structures.

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A gradient elastic homogenisation model for brick masonry

Cited by 16 publications

References 88 publications

Assessment and Fragility of Byzantine Unreinforced Masonry Towers

Assessment and Fragility of Byzantine Unreinforced Masonry Towers

The New Standard Is Biodigital: Durable and Elastic 3D-Printed Biodigital Clay Bricks

Empirical Equations for Modelling Yarn–Mortar Debonding in TRM-Strengthened Masonry Walls Subjected to Out-of-Plane Loading

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