“…Therefore, many scholars have explored the application of heuristic algorithms in this field and have made rich achievements (del Jesus et al , 2011). In particular, the improved heuristic algorithms for genetic algorithm, particle swarm algorithm, ant colony algorithm, and other heuristic methods (Al-Dharhani et al ., 2014; Prasanna and Ezhilmaran, 2016; Moslehi et al , 2020) all solve the shortcomings of traditional algorithms in data mining and have been well applied in the fields of education, medicine, services (Wang et al ., 2019 b ; Fang et al , 2020; Shazad et al , 2020), which fully verifies the superiority of this heuristic method. The principles and features of these algorithms are shown in Table 1.…”