A green-lipped mussel reduces pain behavior and chondrocyte inflammation and attenuated experimental osteoarthritis progression

Abstract

The green-lipped mussel (GLM) contains novel omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and joint-protecting properties. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by a progressive loss of cartilage; oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of OA. The objectives of this study were to investigate the in vivo effects of the GLM on pain severity and cartilage degeneration using an experimental rat OA model, and to explore the mode of action of GLM. OA was induced in rats by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the knee. Oral GLM was initiated on the day after 3dyas of MIA injection. Limb nociception was assessed by measuring the paw withdrawal latency and threshold. Samples were analyzed both macroscopically and histologically. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, nitrotyrosine, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in knee joints. Also, the GLM was applied to OA chondrocyte, and the expression on catabolic marker and necroptosis factor were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Administration of the GLM improved pain levels by preventing cartilage damage and inflammation. GLM significantly attenuated the expression levels of mRNAs encoding matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), MMP-13, and ADAMTS5 in IL-1β-stimulated human OA chondrocytes. GLM decreased the expression levels of the necroptosis mediators RIPK1, RIPK3, and the mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) in IL-1β-stimulated human OA chondrocytes. Thus, GLM reduced pain and cartilage degeneration in rats with experimentally induced OA. The chondroprotective properties of GLM included suppression of oxidative damage and inhibition of catabolic factors implicated in the pathogenesis of OA cartilage damage. We suggest that GLM may usefully treat human OA.

A green-lipped mussel prevents rheumatoid arthritis via regulation of inflammatory response and osteoclastogenesis

“…GLM in OA mice reduced nociception and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) and inducible nitric oxide synthase. It also exerted a chondroprotective effect by decreasing the production of chondrocyte-degrading enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase-3/13, ADAMTS5), and suppressing chondrocyte necroptosis [17]. These anti-arthritis/antiinflammatory effects of GLM are comparable to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) celecoxib, which is frequently used for OA [17].…”

“…It also exerted a chondroprotective effect by decreasing the production of chondrocyte-degrading enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase-3/13, ADAMTS5), and suppressing chondrocyte necroptosis [17]. These anti-arthritis/antiinflammatory effects of GLM are comparable to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) celecoxib, which is frequently used for OA [17]. Also, a clinical trial suggested that GLM may reduce pain and functional capacity in OA patients [19].…”

“…The green-lipped mussel (GLM), also known as New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), contains long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and other minor fatty acids (5,9,12,16-nonadecatetraenoic acid, 5, 9, 12, 15-octadecatetraenoic acid, and 5, 9, 12, 15, 18-heneicosapentaenoic acid) with antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects [16]. Also, GLM's contents exert anti-arthritic effects in animal models [17,18]. GLM's content reduced proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, and protected chondrocytes [17].…”

“…Also, GLM's contents exert anti-arthritic effects in animal models [17,18]. GLM's content reduced proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, and protected chondrocytes [17]. Also, GLM's content reduced pain and decreased the quantity of analgesic needed by patients with osteoarthritis (OA) [19,20].…”

Mussel-Based Biomimetic Strategies in Musculoskeletal Disorder Treatment: From Synthesis Principles to Diverse Applications

“… 99 Mussels, containing a large amount of 12% glycosaminoglycans, are a high source of a rare, potent form of omega-3 fatty acids (called eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA)), indicating the intense anti-inflammatory properties through inhibiting the enzyme-related pathways (cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase-based paths) from producing inflammatory factors. 100 Interestingly, antioxidants in green-lipped mussels were proven to mediate the free radicals, which were the typical indicators in inflamed joints. 101 , 102 Therefore, a variety of injectable materials have been developed to fill the joint cavity, capable of inflammatory factor elimination especially in the liquid form.…”