A green recycling process designed for LiFePO<sub>4</sub> cathode materials for Li-ion batteries

Shin, Eun Jeong; Kim, Soo Jeong; Noh, Jae Kyo; Byun, Dong Jin; Chung, Kyung Yoon; Kim, Hyung Sun; Cho, Byung Won

doi:10.1039/c5ta02540k

Cited by 107 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…In addition, little work has been dedicated toward LFP cathodes due to the abundance and low cost of Fe. However, Fe is difficult to leach due to the high stability in the Fe–P–O bonds, thus requiring high acid concentrations (2.5‐6M) . Li et al took advantage of this property by using dilute H 2 SO 4 to selectively leach Li and subsequently recover Li and FePO 4 separately.…”

Section: Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

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Section: Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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“…Furthermore, among various lithium recovery methods, Laucournet et al proposed the use of cationic ion exchange resin [164]. As by Laucournet et al, both Kim et al and Shin et al recovered Fe as amorphous phosphate after hydrochloric acid leaching [166][167][168]. Then, the phosphate can be crystallized as strengite and used as a precursor for the LFP synthesis.…”

Section: Chloride Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, the phosphate can be crystallized as strengite and used as a precursor for the LFP synthesis. [166][167][168]. Then, the phosphate can be crystallized as strengite and used as a precursor for the LFP synthesis.…”

Section: Chloride Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

et al. 2020

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An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches.

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“…Accordingly, this composition augments the quantity of spent batteries on the waste stream, also the exponential growth of cathode material in EV becomes severe problem in the way of large number of spent LFP batteries . Shin et al began the recycling process of LFP by the synthesis of LFP–C composite using the FePO 4 .2H 2 O precursor retrieved from the different sources such as metastrengite I, commercial and spent LFP powders. Sucrose is employed as the carbon source to make the composite and the high discharge capacity of LFP–C evidenced that the carbon coating on the cathode material will increase the rate performance effectively.…”

Section: Spent Materials In Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burgeoning Prospects of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Multifarious Applications

Natarajan

Aravindan

2018

Advanced Energy Materials

226

126

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Where sustainability is concerned, recycling of reutilizable wastes will always occupy the apex of the green chemistry research. Handling electronic wastes in a green manner without affecting the ecology and human health is one of the main challenges for material chemists and gains top priority among other fields of research. At present, handling and recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is a key priority. Due to these environmental concerns, massive interest has been triggered in various crystal structures of metal oxides, and different kinds of carbon materials that provide the opportunities to replace the commercial LIBs for energy storage and conversion applications in a cost‐effective manner. Reports are available on the recycling of spent LIBs, but these reports mainly focus on the metal recovery process rather than finding suitable applications for the recovered material. This present work exclusively summarizes the global demand for LIB raw materials, tactics in the resynthesis process along with the wide range of growing applications of spent LIB materials. Finally, the future prospects of applications that utilize spent LIB materials are addressed.

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A green recycling process designed for LiFePO₄ cathode materials for Li-ion batteries

Abstract: A green process route is proposed to recycle LiFePO4 cathode materials from FePO4·2H2O metastrengite I intermediate phase.

Cited by 107 publications

References 74 publications

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

Burgeoning Prospects of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Multifarious Applications

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A green recycling process designed for LiFePO4 cathode materials for Li-ion batteries

Abstract: A green process route is proposed to recycle LiFePO4 cathode materials from FePO4·2H2O metastrengite I intermediate phase.

Cited by 107 publications

References 74 publications

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

Burgeoning Prospects of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Multifarious Applications

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A green recycling process designed for LiFePO₄ cathode materials for Li-ion batteries