2017
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.033
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A Guide for the Design of Pre-clinical Studies on Sex Differences in Metabolism

Abstract: In animal models, the physiological systems involved in metabolic homeostasis exhibit a sex difference. Investigators often use male rodents because they show metabolic disease better than females. Thus, females are not used precisely because of an acknowledged sex difference that represents an opportunity to understand novel factors reducing metabolic disease more in one sex than the other. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) mandate to consider sex as a biological variable in preclinical research places … Show more

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Cited by 216 publications
(173 citation statements)
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References 134 publications
(191 reference statements)
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“…Unfortunately, this cellular environment cannot be reliably studied in culture. Sex differences are dynamic and changeable properties of the body influenced by sex chromosomes and sex hormones (Mauvais-Jarvis et al, 2017a). The resultant in vivo male and female environments differ in multiple factors that produce different biological systems for male and female cells in vivo that cannot be replicated in cell culture (Mauvais-Jarvis et al, 2017a).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Unfortunately, this cellular environment cannot be reliably studied in culture. Sex differences are dynamic and changeable properties of the body influenced by sex chromosomes and sex hormones (Mauvais-Jarvis et al, 2017a). The resultant in vivo male and female environments differ in multiple factors that produce different biological systems for male and female cells in vivo that cannot be replicated in cell culture (Mauvais-Jarvis et al, 2017a).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, until recently only males have been studied and there is a lack of information regarding the metabolic impact of endocrine disruptors in females. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has recently mandated to consider sex as a biological variable in preclinical research [35]. Hopefully, this will give an impulse for a better understanding of the sex-biased mechanisms linked to endocrine disruption by chemicals that could be helpful to improve and personalize treatments of diseases for which obesity is a risk factor such as the metabolic syndrome and the hormono-dependent cancers.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The importance of sex differences was illustrated by the recent demonstration that the majority of mammalian phenotypic traits are influenced by sex [1]. A major aspect of sex differences is their effect on metabolism [2] [3] [4]which is particularly relevant in light of the worldwide increase in obesity and its complications such as cardiovascular disease [5]. While the most obvious (and most studied) factor in determining sex differences is the role of sex steroids such as estrogens and androgens, it is important to note that many examples of sex differences are more directly due to the presence and copy number of sex chromosomes that can be independent of sex steroid effects per se.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While the most obvious (and most studied) factor in determining sex differences is the role of sex steroids such as estrogens and androgens, it is important to note that many examples of sex differences are more directly due to the presence and copy number of sex chromosomes that can be independent of sex steroid effects per se. These studies have employed powerful rodent models such as the “four core genotypes” and XY* systems, in which sex chromosome vs sex steroid effects can be distinguished [6]; [7]; [8];[3] [9]. Connections between sex chromosome complement and sex steroid effects can obviously occur as well, exemplified by the effect of sex on adrenal androgens [10].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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