A guide to computational cotranscriptional folding featuring the SRP RNA

Abstract

Although RNA molecules are synthesized via transcription, little is known about the general impact of cotranscriptional folding in vivo. We present different computational approaches for the simulation of changing structure ensembles during transcription, including interpretations with respect to experimental data from literature. Specifically, we analyze different mutations of the E.coli SRP RNA, which has been studied comparatively well in previous literature, yet the details of which specific metastable structures form, as well as when they form are still under debate. Here, we combine thermodynamic and kinetic, deterministic and stochastic models with automated and visual inspection of those systems to derive the most likely scenario of which substructures form at which point during transcription. The simulations do not only provide explanations for present experimental observations, but also suggest previously unnoticed conformations that may be verified through future experimental studies.

DrForna: visualization of cotranscriptional folding

“…The golden struture with ID 30 will become the dominant helix for most of the cotranscriptional folding process. For a more detailed discussion and the biological relevance of these results, see Badelt and Lorenz (2023) . (c) The same simulation result as shown in (b), but at a time point where the functional SRP conformation starts to form.…”