A gut feeling about stroke reveals gut-brain axis’ active role in homeostasis and dysbiosis

Bonsack, Brooke; Jiang, Rays H. Y.; Borlongan, Cesar V.

doi:10.1177/0271678x19900037

Cited by 23 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Gut dysbiosis in AIS patients is associated with host metabolism and inflammation (60,61). Increased levels of opportunistic pathogens in the gut have been associated with higher risk of developing AIS (62).…”

Section: Influence Of Gut Dysbiosis On Ais Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota in Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Implications

et al. 2020

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The microbiota-gut-brain axis is considered a central regulator of the immune system after acute ischemic stroke (AIS), with a potential role in determining outcome. Several pathways are involved in the evolution of gut microbiota dysbiosis after AIS. Brain-gut and gut-brain signaling pathways involve bidirectional communication between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the autonomic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the immune cells of the gut. Alterations in gut microbiome can be a risk factor and may also lead to AIS. Both risk factors for AIS and gut-microbiome composition are influenced by similar factors, including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and vascular dysfunction. Furthermore, the systemic inflammatory response after AIS may yield liver, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular impairment, including the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. This review focus on biochemical, immunological, and neuroanatomical modulation of gut microbiota and its possible systemic harmful effects after AIS, as well as the role of ischemic stroke on microbiota composition. Finally, we highlight the role of gut microbiota as a potential novel therapeutic target in acute ischemic stroke.

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Section: Influence Of Gut Dysbiosis On Ais Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota in Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Implications

et al. 2020

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“…Ischemic stroke (IS) is the most common type of stroke and is caused by thrombotic or embolic occlusion and stenosis of a cerebral artery due to sudden loss of blood circulation to an area of the brain, resulting in a corresponding loss of neurologic function. It has a high incidence, high disability rate and high mortality rate [23, 24] . We generated a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model as a model of IS to explore the mechanism underlying the effect of XNJ injection on IS from the perspective of the intestinal microbiota.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xingnaojing injection can regulate dysbacteriosis and increase the concentration of short chain fatty acids in the feces after stroke in mice

Lin

Liu

Zhen

et al. 2020

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Backgroundl Xingnaojing injection (XNJ) is extracted from the Chinese ancient prescription "An-Gong-Niu-Huang Pill", is widely used for stroke in China. We mainly observe the effect of XNJ (Xingnaojing) injection on the gut microbiota in stroke model mice. Methods: Forty-two 7- to 8-week-old male C57 mice weighing 22-24 g were chosen for the experiment. There were 6 mice in each group; the 7 groups were the normal group (NG), the MCAO group (CG), the MCAO+XNJ group (EG), the sham surgery group (SG), the sham germ-free normal group (SGFNG), the sham germ-free+MCAO group (SGFCG), and the sham germ-free+MCAO+XNJ group (SGFEG). Two days before modeling, we abdominally administered Xingnaojing (6 mg/kg) the SGFEG and EG groups. The processing time of sustained XNJ was 5 days. Three days after modeling, 1 ~ 2 mouse feces were collected, and after a MiSeq PE library was constructed, an Illumina MiSeq PE 300 platform was used for high-throughput sequencing. After cleaning the sequencing data, the microbiome and microbiomeseq packages were used for analysis using R software (version 3.6.2). Results: Alpha diversity analysis revealed that the diversity was not different between the CG and EG. The Simpson index was different between the SGFCG and SGFEG. XNJ increased the levels of Sutterellaceae and decreased the level of Deferribacteres and Morganella. LEfSe analysis showed that SGFCG mice were also enriched with Morganella. XNJ increased the concentrations of the SCFAs PA (propionate), VA (valerate), IBA (isobutyrate), and IVA (isovalerate) in the feces of the SGFEG group. BA (butyrate) had greater positive correlation with gut bacteria than other acids in the SGFCG, and XNJ changed this trend. KEGG analysis showed that peptidoglycan biosynthesis was most different between the CG and EG. Conclusion: Ischemic stroke (IS) causes dysbiosis of some specific bacteria in the gut microbiota in MCAO mice. Xingnaojing ameliorated this condition by increasing the levels of Sutterellaceae and decreasing the level of Deferribacteres and Morganella. These results are in accordance with other research on Chinese medicines for IS that affect the gut microbiota. Enrichment analysis of SCFAs revealed that XNJ improved the levels of SCFAs through an energy metabolism-related pathway.

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“…Based on the dominant stroke‐induced dementia, investigations into Alzheimer's Disease, a neurodegenerative disease with a prevalent form of dementia that accounts for 50%–70% of all dementia cases, 53 may provide a better understanding of this cognitive decline in stroke. Indeed, stroke demonstrates cognitive decline and brain pathology reminiscent of AD, 54–63 possibly due to the genetic similarities between AD and stroke 64 . Consequently, stroke may also display alterations in the gut microbiome induced by AD‐like cognitive damage (Figure 1).…”

Section: Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Gut dysbiosis in stroke and its implications on Alzheimer’s disease‐like cognitive dysfunction

et al. 2021

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Various neurological disorders, such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD), involve neuroinflammatory responses. The advent of the gut‐brain axis enhances our understanding of neurological disease progression and secondary cell death. Gut microbiomes, especially those associated with inflammation, may reflect the dysbiosis of both the brain and the gut, opening the possibility to utilize inflammatory microbiomes as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The gut‐brain axis may serve as a contributing factor to disease pathology and offer innovative approaches in cell‐based regenerative medicine for the treatment of neurological diseases. In reviewing the pathogenesis of stroke and AD, we also discuss the effects of gut microbiota on cognitive decline and brain pathology. Although the underlying mechanism of primary cell death from either disease is clearly distinct, both may be linked to gut‐microbial dysfunction as a consequential aberration that is unique to each disease. Targeting peripheral cell death pathways that exacerbate disease symptoms, such as those arising from the gut, coupled with conventional central therapeutic approach, may improve stroke and AD outcomes.

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A gut feeling about stroke reveals gut-brain axis’ active role in homeostasis and dysbiosis

Cited by 23 publications

References 10 publications

Gut Microbiota in Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Implications

Gut Microbiota in Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Implications

Xingnaojing injection can regulate dysbacteriosis and increase the concentration of short chain fatty acids in the feces after stroke in mice

Gut dysbiosis in stroke and its implications on Alzheimer’s disease‐like cognitive dysfunction

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