A Hexagonal Processor and Interconnect Topology for Many-Core Architecture with Dense On-Chip Networks

Abstract

Abstract. Network-on-Chips (NoCs) are used to connect large numbers of processors in many-core processor architecture because they perform better than less scalable methods such as global shared buses. Among all NoC design parameters, NoC topologies define how nodes are placed and connected and greatly affect the performance, energy efficiency, and circuit area of many-core processor arrays. Due to its simplicity and the fact that processor tiles are traditionally square or rectangular, 2D mesh is mostly used for existing on-chip networks. However, efficiently mapping applications can be a challenge for cases that require communication between processors that are not adjacent on the 2D mesh. Motivated by the fact that applications often have largely localized communication patterns, we have proposed an 8-neighbor mesh topology and a 6-neighbor topology with hexagonal-shaped processor tiles, both of which increase local connectivity while keep much of the simplicity of a mesh-based topology. We have physically designed a 16-bit DSP processor and the corresponding processor arrays which utilize all three topologies. A 1080p H.264/AVC residual video encoder and a 54 Mbps 802.11a/11g OFDM wireless LAN baseband receiver are mapped onto all topologies. The 6-neighbor hexagonal grid topology incurs a 2.9% area increase per tile compared to the 4-neighbor 2D mesh, but its much more effective interprocessor interconnect yields an average total application area reduction of 21%, an average power reduction of 17%, and a total application interprocessor communication distance reduction of 19%.

A Review of Embedding Hexagonal Cells in the Circular and Hexagonal Region of Interest

“…Next, the papers from each class are separated based on the specific application. The search and selection results are given in Table II for circular and Table III [3], [5], [6], [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], [33-42] 37 Total #papers 42 We further categorized the papers from each application in sub-classes depending on whether authors provide formulas on how to calculate the total number of embedded hexagonal cells, their vertices or edges.…”

“…Also, the data processing is faster with the hexagonal structure and the needed memory usage for data storage is decreased (13.4% compared to rectangular grid [13]). Also, the processing resources are reduced [14,15].…”