“…Currently, there are many applications use cross-sectional LDMs to diagnose individuals’ learning status in the field of mathematics because the structure of mathematical attributes is relative clear to be identified, such as fraction calculations ( Tatsuoka, 1983 ; Wu, 2019 ), linear algebraic equations ( Birenbaum et al, 1993 ), and spatial rotations ( Chen et al, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2018 ). Some studies also apply cross-sectional LDMs to analyze data from large-scale mathematical assessments (e.g., George and Robitzsch, 2018 ; Park et al, 2018 ; Zhan et al, 2018 ; Wu et al, 2020 ).…”