A Hierarchical 3D Graft Printed with Nanoink for Functional Craniofacial Bone Restoration

Abstract

An ideal craniofacial bone repair graft shall not only focus on the repair ability but also the regeneration of natural architecture with occlusal loads‐related function restoration. However, such functional bone tissue engineering scaffold has rarely been reported. Herein, a hierarchical 3D graft is proposed for rebuilding craniofacial bone with both natural structure and healthy biofunction reconstruction. Inspired by the bone healing process, an organic–inorganic nanoink with ultrasmall calcium phosphate oligomers and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 incorporated is developed for spatiotemporal guidance of new bone. Based on such homogeneous nanoink, a biomimetic graft, including a cortical layer containing Haversian system, and a cancellous layer featured with triply periodic minimum surface macrostructures, is fabricated via projection‐based 3D printing method, and the layers are loaded with distinct concentrations of bioactive factors for regenerating new bone with gradient density. The graft exhibits excellent osteogenic and angiogenic potential in vitro, and accelerates revascularization and reconstructs neo‐bone with original morphology in vivo. Benefiting from such natural architecture, loading force is widely transferred with reduced stress concentration around the inserted dental implant. Taken from native physiochemical and structural cues, this wstudy provides a novel strategy for functional tissue engineering through designing function‐oriented biomaterials.

Application of Multiscale Hierarchical Porous Structure Design in Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: A Review

“…In most studies, a combination of several factors such as chemical ingredient and nano/microstructure and mechanical properties are taken into consideration during the design of biomimetic materials. These efforts typically result in the production of macro-scale blocks or films that aim ro mimic certain aspects of natural bone structure and function [124]. When utilizing natural bone as a design model for the multi-scale structure of BTE scaffolds, there are three key scientific issues that must be carefully considered: i) Understanding the mechanisms of natural bone formation and its multi-scale structure.…”

Efficient Light-Based Bioprinting via Rutin Nanoparticle Photoinhibitor for Advanced Biomedical Applications

“…1−3 Among the various 3D bioprinting techniques, digital light processing (DLP) printing has garnered attention recently due to its ability to maintain high resolution (10−50 μm) while offering significant advantages in printing speed over point-by-point 4 or line-by-line 5,6 printing methods, through layer-wise projection. 7,8 This technique is compatible with a range of biocompatible photoresponsive inks, such as gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), 9 hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA), 10 and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), 11 and facilitates the incorporation of various active substances including cells, 10 drugs, 12 and growth factors 13 in applications such as tissue engineering scaffolds, 14 drug delivery patches, 15 microfluidic chips, 16 and flexible biosensors. 17 In DLP printing, however, high fidelity is contingent on precise control of the light−material interaction.…”

“…Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, a fabrication method that leverages layer-by-layer material deposition to construct complex structures with embedded biological functions, has increasingly demonstrated its importance in fields such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, drug screening, and the development of bioelectronic devices. − Among the various 3D bioprinting techniques, digital light processing (DLP) printing has garnered attention recently due to its ability to maintain high resolution (10–50 μm) while offering significant advantages in printing speed over point-by-point or line-by-line , printing methods, through layer-wise projection. , This technique is compatible with a range of biocompatible photoresponsive inks, such as gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA), and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and facilitates the incorporation of various active substances including cells, drugs, and growth factors in applications such as tissue engineering scaffolds, drug delivery patches, microfluidic chips, and flexible biosensors …”