“…This implicit assumption has been criticized by a number of scholars (e.g., Hunt & Ropo, 2004;Uhl-Bien et al, in press) -criticism warranted with even a cursory consideration of the situations and contexts leaders face on a daily basis. Consider, for example, the constituencies leaders may interact with: lower-level subordinates, key lieutenants, customers, suppliers, other leaders, their superiors, competitors, or even other organizational leaders -all of which may also interact with one another in some fashion (Mintzberg, 1973;Yukl, Gordon, & Tabor, 2002). If we also consider the complex cognitive tasks leaders must engage in, such as planning, forecasting and problemsolving, the contextual complexity increases nearly exponentially (e.g., Marta, Leritz, & Mumford, 2005;Mumford, Bedell-Avers & Hunter, in press).…”