A high-resolution summary of Cambrian to Early Triassic marine invertebrate biodiversity

Fan, Junxuan; Shen, Shiwen; Erwin, Douglas H.; Sadler, Peter M.; MacLeod, Norman; Cheng, Qiuming; Hou, Xudong; Yang, Jia‐Shu; Wang, Xiangdong; Wang, Yue; Zhang, Hua; Chen, Xu; Li, Guoxiang; Zhang, Yichun; Shi, Yukun; Yuan, Daoxian; Chen, Qing; Zhang, Linna; Li, Chao; Zhao, Yingying

doi:10.1126/science.aax4953

Cited by 359 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…These positive carbon isotope excursions are also synchronous with periods of evolutionary crisis and extinction during the GOBE (Figure 12; Wang et al, 1993;Saltzman et al, 1995;Buggisch et al, 2003;Saltzman, 2005;Elrick et al, 2011;Kröger et al, 2019;Fan et al, 2020), implying a connection between changes in upwelling dynamics and biodiversity. The GOBE is characterized by major structural changes to marine ecosystems (Algeo et al, 2016).…”

Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 87%

Ordovician ironstone of the Iberian margin: Coastal upwelling, ocean anoxia and Palaeozoic biodiversity

Pufahl

Squires

Murphy

et al. 2020

The Depositional Record

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Middle to Upper Ordovician ironstone and associated sedimentary rocks of the West Asturian‐Leonese and Cantabrian tectonostratigraphic zones, Spain, provide new information regarding the Palaeozoic Fe cycle and the palaeoceanography of the Rheic Ocean. Examination of drill cores and outcrops indicates the southeastern margin of this narrow seaway was a dynamic continental shelf where upwelling of ferruginous seawater and storm currents controlled lithofacies character. Parasequence composition and stacking relationships suggest ironstone accumulated during marine transgression as accommodation increased from lowstand conditions. Proximal parasequences record aggradation from deep subtidal to shoreface environments. Hummocky cross‐stratified sandstone and organic‐rich siltstone grade upwards into swaley cross‐stratified sandstone and granular Fe‐silicate‐rich ironstone capped by a flooding surface. Distal parasequences were deposited below storm wave base on the distal shelf and are composed of variably bioturbated organic‐rich siltstone with thin Fe‐chlorite and phosphorite layers. These differences in parasequence character define two different ironstone factories where Fe was concentrated and precipitated in sediment. Lithofacies associations support an emerging model for ironstone deposition where coastal upwelling delivered and stimulated the precipitation of Fe within shelf sediment. This notion provides further evidence for the development of intermittent anoxic water masses in an Ordovician ocean that was near the threshold of becoming fully ventilated. This style of Fe delivery probably represents a tipping point in the oxygenation history of the Phanerozoic oceans and is a throwback to the Precambrian when widespread anoxia allowed hydrothermal Fe to concentrate in the global ocean. New data suggest that minor extinction events punctuating the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event may be traced to these anoxic waters, which in addition to Fe, were also enriched in biologically toxic, redox sensitive trace elements. Conversely, precipitation of upwelling‐related ironstone may have helped sequester these trace elements, providing a negative feedback response that would aid post‐extinction recovery.

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Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 87%

Ordovician ironstone of the Iberian margin: Coastal upwelling, ocean anoxia and Palaeozoic biodiversity

Pufahl

Squires

Murphy

et al. 2020

The Depositional Record

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“…No stomach content is available but small thin-shelled bivalves, together with bivalved-arthropods (Thylacocephala) and small ammonoids, occur abundantly in the strata that yielded the holotype of the species 18 . Also, the first diversification peak of invertebrates, especially bivalves, after the end-Permian mass extinction was recorded in Chinese strata coinciding with the occurrence of C. lenticarpus and other oldest ichthyosauromorphs 19,20 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Repeated evolution of durophagy during ichthyosaur radiation after mass extinction indicated by hidden dentition

Huang

Motani

Jiang

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Marine tetrapods quickly diversified and were established as marine top predators after the end-Permian Mass extinction (EPME). Ichthyosaurs were the forerunner of this rapid radiation but the main drivers of the diversification are poorly understood. Cartorhynchus lenticarpus is a basal ichthyosauriform with the least degree of aquatic adaptation, holding a key to identifying such a driver. The unique specimen appeared edentulous based on what was exposed but a CT scanning revealed that the species indeed had rounded teeth that are nearly perpendicular to the jaw rami, and thus completely concealed in lateral view. There are three dental rows per jaw ramus, and the root lacks infoldings of the dentine typical of ichthyopterygians. The well-developed and worn molariform dentition with three tooth rows supports the previous inference that the specimen is not of a juvenile. the premaxilla and the corresponding part of the dentary are edentulous. Molariform dentition evolved three to five times independently within Ichthyosauriformes in the Early and Middle Triassic. Convergent exploitation of hard-shelled invertebrates by different subclades of ichthyosauriforms likely fueled the rapid taxonomic diversification of the group after EPME. Many components of the modern ecosystem emerged in the Triassic, after the EPME. One of them is marine tetrapods, air-breathing vertebrates that invaded the sea from land, such as marine mammals and reptiles 1. Marine colonization by tetrapods occurred at least 69 times in the past, 27 of which were in the Mesozoic 2. A high concentration of such colonization events is found soon after the EPME in the Early to Middle Triassic, when multiple lineages of marine tetrapods entered marine environments and radiated quickly to achieve high taxonomic and ecological diversity 3. Some of these lineages gave rise to the iconic marine reptiles of the Jurassic and Cretaceous, such as ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, that occupied niches similar to those of cetaceans and pinnipeds in the modern sea 4. However, it is still unclear what may have fueled this rapid early diversification. Ichthyosaurs are a group of marine reptiles noted for the evolution of fish-shaped body profiles 5. Typical fish-shaped ichthyosaurs form the clade Parvipelvia, a subclade within Ichthyosauria, which in turn is a part of Ichthyopterygia 6 (Fig. 1). The sister group of ichthyopterygians has been ambiguous but it is now likely that Nasorostra, a recently discovered clade of marine reptiles, is sister to Ichthyopterygia, together belonging to a lineage called Ichthyosauriformes 7. Cartorhynchus lenticarpus was the first nasorostran to be discovered, followed by Sclerocormus parviceps 7,8. Nasorostra are the only ichthyosauriforms to have a combination of features that are expected in the earliest members of the clade soon after marine invasion, such as the abbreviated snout, short body trunk, and pachyostotic ribs. However, Nasorostra have been known only for four years based on two specimens, so our knowledge of the group ...

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“…Jaramillo et al 2006;Crampton et al 2016). To date, FRF data have not been used in this way, although the database offers almost unparalleled opportunity for regional-scale, quantitative biostratigraphic studies of this sort (for a recent, global example of this sort of application, see Fan et al 2020).…”

Section: Case Study 1: High Resolution Quantitative Biostratigraphy mentioning

confidence: 99%

The New Zealand Fossil Record File: a unique database of biological history

Clowes

Crampton

Bland

et al. 2020

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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The New Zealand Fossil Record File, an essentially complete compilation of New Zealand's known fossil record, with additional records from parts of Antarctica, SW Pacific, and elsewhere, is, to the best of our knowledge, unique. It has developed collaboratively, with contributions from university, government, industry, and avocational paleontologists and geologists. The distinctive Fossil Record Number has become an icon of New Zealand geological literature since inception of the original paper-based archive in the 1940s. Subsequently, the file has been digitised and currently holds >100,000 locality records and >1,000,000 individual taxonomic identifications spanning numerous plant and animal phyla. These numbers are continually growing. The database contains contextual information on geographic location, collection, stratigraphy and lithology of the fossil localities as well as taxonomic analyses that retain original identifications yet accommodate re-assignments. The data have been widely applied, initially for mapping, establishing age, depositional environment, etc., and more recently including in quantitative biostratigraphy, assessing completeness of the fossil record, understanding biodiversity history, extinction risk assessments, and climate analysis. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the history of the Fossil Record File, indicate the general nature of the data it contains, and showcase a number of innovative applications of this most valuable resource.

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A high-resolution summary of Cambrian to Early Triassic marine invertebrate biodiversity

Cited by 359 publications

References 70 publications

Ordovician ironstone of the Iberian margin: Coastal upwelling, ocean anoxia and Palaeozoic biodiversity

Ordovician ironstone of the Iberian margin: Coastal upwelling, ocean anoxia and Palaeozoic biodiversity

Repeated evolution of durophagy during ichthyosaur radiation after mass extinction indicated by hidden dentition

The New Zealand Fossil Record File: a unique database of biological history

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