“…New low-cost soil moisture sensors have been developed in recent times based on sensing approaches commonly used in commercially available sensors, including frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) (Xiao et al, 2010), time domain reflectometry (TDR) (Wei et al, 2013), impedance spectroscopy (Umar and Setiadi, 2015), and capacitance-based methods (Kojima et al, 2016;Gao et al, 2018). Novel approaches in the measurement of soil moisture content have also been developed in recent times, such as a timedomain multiplexing approach described in Saeed et al (Saeed et al, 2019) and a high frequency double-resonance tuning approach developed by Qinglan et al (Qinglan et al, 2020). Ding and Chandra introduce a Wi-Fi-based measurement system that relies on radio-frequency propagation (Ding and Chandra, 2019).…”