“…• Pricing of standard ('vanilla'), path-dependent (e.g. barrier and Asian) and multiasset options in a Black-Scholes [9] and local volatility [28] framework [4,18,33,38,51,54,64,72,73,75,76,80] • Pricing of options under a stochastic volatility [16] and jump-diffusion process [95] • Pricing of American-style options [27,62] • Pricing of interest-rate derivatives with a multi-factor model [58,84] • Pricing of collateralised debt obligations (CDOs) [83] Risk measurement. In a financial context, 'risk' usually refers to an adverse event associated with a (financial) loss.…”