A highly-sensitive wave sensor based on liquid-solid interfacing triboelectric nanogenerator for smart marine equipment

Quantifying electron-transfer in liquid-solid contact electrification and the formation of electric double-layer

“…The solid-solid CE has been studied using various methods and different mechanisms were proposed (Electron transfer 1,2 , ion transfer 3 and material transfer [4][5][6] were used to explain different types of CE phenomena for various materials). In parallel, CE between liquid-solid is rather ubiquitous in our daily life, such as flowing water out of a pipe is charged, which is now the basis of many technologies and physical chemical phenomena, such as the liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) [7][8][9][10] , hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, and the formation of electric double-layer (EDL) [11][12][13][14] . However, understanding about the liquid-solid CE is rather limited and the origin about the formation of EDL remains ambiguous owing to the lacking of fundamental understanding about charge transfer at interfaces.…”

High-voltage applications of the triboelectric nanogenerator—Opportunities brought by the unique energy technology

“…Since their invention in 2012, TENGs have been widely applied as a self-powered active sensor, including but not limited to pressure measurements, displacement detections, and vibration characterizations. [88][89][90] Ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved by the TENG-driven sensor because of the high-voltage output of TENGs. In addition, compared with conventional battery-powered sensor nodes, the size of TENG-based sensors can be greatly shrunk down and the manufacturing cost can be very low.…”

Self‐Powered Distributed Water Level Sensors Based on Liquid–Solid Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Ship Draft Detecting

“…Recently, a class of self‐powered sensors based on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) were introduced by converting mechanical motion into electrical output signal . On the basis of a coupling effect between triboelectrification and electrostatic induction, TENGs have been utilized for energy harvesting, chemicals detecting, health monitoring, pressure, spatial displacement, and liquid/gas flow sensing, and surface antifouling . Recently, Zhu and co‐workers designed a single‐electrode‐based triboelectric sensor array for detecting object motion inside of a plastic tube.…”

“…Zhang et al proposed a newly U‐shaped TENG based on liquid–solid triboelectrification and Pascal's law. Xu et al recently designed a highly sensitive wave sensor based on liquid–solid interfacing triboelectric nanogenerator . Therefore, the TENG has a great potential application for a real‐time water level monitoring system.…”