A historical assessment of Turkey’s natural gas import vulnerability

Decision analysis for sustainable development: The case of renewable energy planning under uncertainty

“…As a result, Turkey imports a substantial amount of the energy it consumes in the form of oil, coal and natural gas from neighbouring countries, mainly Russia, Iran and Azerbaijan (Berk and Ediger 2018). Recent statistics by the International Energy Agengy (2019b) show that net energy imports rose from 51% in 1990 to 75% in 2015.…”

Moving toward carbon neutrality: Assessing natural gas import security and its impact on CO2 emissions

“…Before estimating the nexus between natural gas import security and carbon emissions, it is necessary to quantitatively evaluate a country's natural gas import security. By extending the work of Berk and Ediger (2018) and Biresselioglu et al (2015), we construct a composite index for natural gas import security based on a comprehensive set of seven indicators: dependence on natural gas imports (DIM), dependence of the national economy on natural gas imports (DEI), intensity of natural gas consumption (INC), import diversification ratio (IMD), import concentration (IMC), quantity of natural gas suppliers (QNS), and international natural gas prices (NGP). Specifically, dependence on natural gas imports is expressed by the ratio of the volume of natural gas imports to total natural gas consumption.…”

Understanding Pipeline Politics in Eurasia: Turkey’s Transit Security in Natural Gas

“…Natural gas has had a growing share in Turkey's overall energy portfolio (Berk & Ediger, 2018). BOTAŞ, the state owned Petroleum Pipeline Company, predicts that the demand for natural gas will increase by an average of 2.3 percent from 2014 until 2030, from 48 Bcm to 70 Bcm (Austvik & Rzayeva, 2016).…”