A historical review of glassy carbon: Synthesis, structure, properties and applications

Uskoković, Vuk

doi:10.1016/j.cartre.2021.100116

Cited by 79 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 345 publications

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“…Recently, V. Uskoković [ 30 ] has pointed out that although glassy carbons have seen numerous application in the last fifty years, biomedical applications have been sporadic. I. Schreiver et al [ 31 ] have shown that allergic reactions can be triggered by nickel and chrome particles released from surgical stainless steel needles during needle wear in human skin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

Malik¹,

Kostakis²

2022

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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Glassy carbon, in general, is made by the pyrolysis of polymeric materials and has been the subject of research for at least fifty years. However, as understanding its microstructure is far from straightforward, it continues to be an area of active research. Glassy carbon adopts different allotropes depending on the hybridizations of the C–C bond, that is, sp, sp2, or sp3. Furthermore, a variety of short-range ordering effects can interact with each other and this, along with the effects of microporosity, grain boundaries, and defects, render this a fascinating material. Following the nanoarchitectonics concept of bottom-up creation of functional materials, we use methane rather than a polymer to form glassy carbon. Here we show that tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips form when methane undergoes pyrolysis on a curved alumina surface. X-ray diffraction of these glassy carbon tubules shows long-range order with a d-spacing of 4.89 Å, which is indicative of glassy carbon. Raman spectroscopy shows the material to be graphitic in nature, and SEM shows the fullerene-like structure of the material. This work provides new insights into the structure of glassy carbons relevant to the application of glassy carbons as a biomaterial, for example, as a new form of carbon-based microneedles. Since metallic needles can introduce toxic/allergenic species into susceptible subjects, this alternative carbon-based microneedle form has great potential as a replacement biomedical material for metallic needles in the field of neural engineering and as acupuncture needles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

Malik¹,

Kostakis²

2022

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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“…At the molecular level, in disordered graphitic carbons, electrical conductivity generally increases with an increase in the ratio of sp 2 / sp 3 -hybridized bonds due to the delocalized electrons introduced by the sp 2 bond [ 81 ]. This delocalization facilitates the transport of electrons in the plane of the graphene layer, making it highly conductive, in contrast to the high resistivity in systems containing a rigid network of localized sp 3 bonds [ 82 ].…”

Section: Models Of Electrical Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Main mechanisms of shielding electromagnetic radiation in a mixed carbon–mineral composite (( a ), from [ 81 ]) and shungite carbon ( b ). Blue arrows show direction of microwave radiation.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysical Properties and Structure of Natural Disordered sp2 Carbon

Golubev

Антонец

2022

Nanomaterials

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The progress in the practical use of glassy carbon materials has led to a considerable interest in understanding the nature of their physical properties. The electrophysical properties are among the most demanded properties. However, obtaining such materials is associated with expensive and dirty processes. In nature, in the course of geological processes, disordered sp2 carbon substances were formed, the structure of which is in many respects similar to the structure of glassy carbon and black carbon, and the electrical properties are distinguished by a high-energy storage potential and a high efficiency of shielding electromagnetic radiation. Given the huge natural reserves of such carbon (for example, in the shungite rocks of Karelia) and the relative cheapness and ease of producing materials from it, the study of potential technological applications and the disclosure of some unique electrophysical properties are of considerable interest. In this paper, we present an overview of recent studies on the structure, electrophysical properties, and technological applications of natural disordered sp2 carbon with the addition of novel authors’ results.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their promising properties, GLC nanomaterials are in demand and very relevant in a wide range of applications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. These materials have high thermal stability, mechanical strength, abrasion resistance, and chemical inertness, as well as isotropic electrical conductivity [2][3][4][15][16][17]. They are characterized by the presence of a large number of nanopores; that is, their density has clearly defined local regions with a high density several times higher than the average value.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Functionalization with Potassium Atoms on the Electronic Properties of a 3D Glass-like Nanomaterial Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes: In Silico Study

2022

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In this paper, using the self-consistent charge density-functional tight-binding (SCC DFTB) method, we perform an in silico study of the effect of functionalization by potassium atoms on the electronic properties of a new configuration of the glass-like carbon (GLC) reinforced with (4,4) and (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The method of classical molecular dynamics was used to obtain energetically stable GLC configurations with different mass fractions of potassium. It is found that with an increase in the mass fraction of SWCNTs, the elasticity of GLC increases. It is shown that when the GLC structure reinforced with SWCNTs is filled with potassium, the number of available electronic states at the Fermi level increases compared to GLC without nanotubes, which significantly improves the emission and electrophysical characteristics of the carbon nanomaterial. For most structures, at a potassium/carbon mass ratio of 1:100 (0.01), an increase in the Fermi energy is observed, and, hence, a decrease in the work function. The maximum decrease in the work function by ~0.3 eV was achieved at a mass ratio of potassium/carbon of 1:4.5 (0.23) for GLC reinforced with (6,5) SWCNTs. It is revealed that, at a mass ratio of potassium/carbon of 1:28.5 (0.035), the quantum capacitance of GLC reinforced with (4,4) and (6,5) SWCNTs increases by ~9.4% (1752.63 F/g) and 24.1% (2092.04 F/g), respectively, as compared to GLC without nanotubes (1587.93 F/g). Based on the results obtained, the prospects for the application of the proposed GLC configuration in emission electronics devices are predicted.

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A historical review of glassy carbon: Synthesis, structure, properties and applications

Cited by 79 publications

References 345 publications

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

Electrophysical Properties and Structure of Natural Disordered sp2 Carbon

Effect of Functionalization with Potassium Atoms on the Electronic Properties of a 3D Glass-like Nanomaterial Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes: In Silico Study

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