A history of British starfishes, and other animals of the class Echinodermata

Forbes, Edward

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.2129

Cited by 61 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…In contrast, the upper length limit of British specimens from both Salcombe (133 specimens) and Derbyhaven (50 specimens) was 55-60 mm while the largest specimens in the Fairlie (16 specimens) and Oxwich Bay (147 specimens) samples were 47 and 49 mm in length respectively. The Scilly Isles specimens, which reached 79 mm in length (Plate Ill(a)), were especially large compared with the other British specimens examined (see also Higgins, 1970) although there are indications that similarly large specimens also occur in Ireland (Forbes, 1841;Clark, 1925).…”

Section: Sizementioning

confidence: 91%

Specific status of Echinocardium cordatum, E. australe and E. zealandicum (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) around New Zealand, with comments on the relation of morphological variation to environment

Higgins¹

1974

Journal of Zoology

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The specific status of the heart‐urchin Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant) around New Zealand is discussed in the context of the suggestion that the New Zealand form of this spatangoid is sufficiently distinct from E. cordatum to be regarded as a separate species, namely E. australe Gray or E. zealandicum Gray. A brief history of the problem is outlined and it is demonstrated that, from the beginning of the present century, specialist opinion has favoured the unitary species concept and been unenthusiastic about the validity of Gray's species. The pattern of variability revealed by a comparative morphological study of E. cordatum from the British Isles and E. australe/zealandicum from New Zealand did not support the specific separation of the Australasian species. Alternatively, it is proposed that the morphological structure of the test in E. cordatum may be considerably influenced by sediment texture and that the distinctiveness of some of the New Zealand specimens is related to their occupation of very fine deposits, which are not commonly exploited by E. cordatum around the British Isles.

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Section: Sizementioning

confidence: 91%

Specific status of Echinocardium cordatum, E. australe and E. zealandicum (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) around New Zealand, with comments on the relation of morphological variation to environment

Higgins¹

1974

Journal of Zoology

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“…As soon as the distal length of the arm has completely separated, its activity increases abruptly. The arm starts to thrash violently from side to side (Forbes, 1841), simultaneously releasing much mucus. Both the frequency of the lateral flexions and the duration of the response vary greatly.…”

Section: Basic Anatomy Of the Ophiuroid Armmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arm autotomy in brittlestars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Wilkie

1978

Journal of Zoology

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Although ophiuroid arm shedding has long been accepted as an example of autotomy, there has been little investigation of the phenomenon to substantiate this. This paper describes the outwardly visible aspects of autotomy and the function of the internal components of the arm during detachment. Observations are focussed on Ophiocomina nigra, some comparisons being made with eight other species. Ophiuroid autotomy is characterized by its occurrence close to the point of stimulation, its rapidity, and by the pattern of intervertebral muscle separation at the insertions which is constant for a given species. Evidence is presented showing the important role played by the intervertebral ligament. Both this and the muscle insertions are collagenous, and it is suggested that they and the other intersegmental connective tissues facilitate autotomy by undergoing a drastic, nervously mediated loss in tensile strength which enables the animal to part from its arm with a minimum of effort. Comparable properties have been ascribed to other echinoderm connective tissues, and their role in asteroid and holothurian autotomy has been acknowledged, but such a mechanism has not previously been suggested for ophiuroid arm autotomy.

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“…As curiosity grew, with it ideas and equipment evolved to allow science to delve deeper into the ocean depths exploring its most intricate workings from global current dynamics 1 to hypotheses about the extent of life in the deep ocean and how plants and animals might survive at great depth. 2 Some of the most significant findings about the deepest reaches of our oceans came with the voyage of HMS Challenger. 3 Over four years the ship and its science crew dredged and sounded the depths proving life existed in some of the most remote and extreme environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the uses of work-class ROVs for the benefits of science: Lessons learned from the SERPENT project

Hudson¹,

Jones²,

Wigham³

2005

uw tech: int j soc uw tech

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This paper reviews the contributions of underwater science in continuing to develop new technology to explore the marine environment and how collaborations taking place between the oil and gas industry and science are facilitating this process. A case study focuses on some of the results and highlights from the SERPENT Project. SERPENT (Scientific & Environmental Rov Partnership using Existing iNdustrial Technology) is a collaboration programme that was designed to make better use of remotely operated vehicle (ROV) technology and data available through links with marine operations in the oil and gas industry. Oil and gas exploration and production activities in the marine environment are increasing. The amount of global hydrocarbon reserves removed from below the seafloor is set to increase over the next 5-10 years, with exploration heading into deeper, more remote waters, many of which have yet to be fully explored. The only way that these remote areas may be documented is through a working relationship with industry, with mutual benefit for both sides and learning from technology that is already in place for the benefit of science.

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A history of British starfishes, and other animals of the class Echinodermata

Cited by 61 publications

References 0 publications

Specific status of Echinocardium cordatum, E. australe and E. zealandicum (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) around New Zealand, with comments on the relation of morphological variation to environment

Specific status of Echinocardium cordatum, E. australe and E. zealandicum (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) around New Zealand, with comments on the relation of morphological variation to environment

Arm autotomy in brittlestars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

A review of the uses of work-class ROVs for the benefits of science: Lessons learned from the SERPENT project

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