A history of viral infections of the central nervous system

Booss, John; Tselis, Alex

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53488-0.00001-8

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 254 publications

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“…However, viruses are the most common causative agents of meningitis. Viral meningitis (VM), also called aseptic meningitis, is considered a slow and mild viral disease and regarded as a typical model for chronic nervous system diseases (1,3). VM is the primary type of aseptic meningitis that commonly affects children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Etiology, Clinical Phenotypes, Epidemiological Correlates, Laboratory Biomarkers and Diagnostic Challenges of Pediatric Viral Meningitis: Descriptive Review

et al. 2022

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Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord meninges caused by infectious and non-infectious agents. Infectious agents causing meningitis include viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Viral meningitis (VM), also termed aseptic meningitis, is caused by some viruses, such as enteroviruses (EVs), herpesviruses, influenza viruses, and arboviruses. However, EVs represent the primary cause of VM. The clinical symptoms of this neurological disorder may rapidly be observed after the onset of the disease, or take prolonged time to develop. The primary clinical manifestations of VM include common flu-like symptoms of headache, photophobia, fever, nuchal rigidity, myalgia, and fatigue. The severity of these symptoms depends on the patient's age; they are more severe among infants and children. The course of infection of VM varies between asymptomatic, mild, critically ill, and fatal disease. Morbidities and mortalities of VM are dependent on the early recognition and treatment of the disease. There were no significant distinctions in the clinical phenotypes and symptoms between VM and meningitis due to other causative agents. To date, the pathophysiological mechanisms of VM are unclear. In this scientific communication, a descriptive review was performed to give an overview of pediatric viral meningitis (PVM). PVM may occasionally result in severe neurological consequences such as mental retardation and death. Clinical examinations, including Kernig's, Brudzinski's, and nuchal rigidity signs, were attempted to determine the clinical course of PVM with various success rates revealed. Some epidemiological correlates of PVM were adequately reviewed and presented in this report. They were seen depending mainly on the causative virus. The abnormal cytological and biochemical features of PVM were also discussed and showed potentials to distinguish PVM from pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM). The pathological, developmental, behavioral, and neuropsychological complications of PVM were also presented. All the previously utilized techniques for the etiological diagnosis of PVM which include virology, serology, biochemistry, and radiology, were presented and discussed to determine their efficiencies and limitations. Finally, molecular testing, mainly PCR, was introduced and showed 100% sensitivity rates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…VM is the primary type of aseptic meningitis that commonly affects children. Several viruses were incriminated in the causation of aseptic VM, like enteroviruses, herpesviruses, orthomyxoviruses, arboviruses, and coronaviruses (3,4). Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most common viruses that cause meningitis among pediatric patients (4,5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology, Clinical Phenotypes, Epidemiological Correlates, Laboratory Biomarkers and Diagnostic Challenges of Pediatric Viral Meningitis: Descriptive Review

et al. 2022

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“…The two inner layers (arachnoid and fibula) are also called meninges and are separated by the subarachnoid space, which stores cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [26]. Aseptic meningitis, also known as delayed viral disease, was of interest in the early 1950s when it was considered as a possible model for chronic diseases of the nervous system [27]. Bacteria are the most common cause of meningitis.…”

Section: -Viral Meningitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview on the Causes and Management of Neonatal Meningitis

Elmihana

Hamed²,

Alshammari

et al. 2022

AJPR

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In comparison to other ages, neonatal meningitis is more prevalent. Because the immature immune system lacks humoral and cellular immunological responses in phagocytic and complement functions, the newborn is especially vulnerable to infection. According to the World Health Organization, almost 5 million newborn fatalities occur each year. The great majority of them (98%) take place in underdeveloped countries. Meningitis is diagnosed through a physical examination and a study of the patient's medical history for any of the symptoms listed above. Although patients with viral meningitis normally do not require hospitalisation, antipyretics, antiemetics, and analgesics that may be used at home should be offered.

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“…Since Dmitry Ivanovsky (1864-1920), a Russian virologist, in 1892 in his article described non-bacterial causes of tobacco mosaic disease, which infects tobacco plants passing through a porcelain filter, as well as the discovery by Martinus Beijerinck's (1851-1931), a Dutch microbiologist, who in 1898 repeated experiment of Ivanovsky and discovered the infectious agent who called virus, until today more than 5,000 species of virus have been described, but there are millions of different types Sve pobrkano ne mogu da znam sta je trebalo reci. With regard that encephalitis can cause any virus, the historical development of encephalitis is directly related to the discovery of the virus that has been found to cause it 25 . The first discovered viral agent in humans was virus of yellow fever in 1901 discovered by Walter Reed.…”

Section: History Of Viral Meningitis and Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Owing to diagnostic methods and advances in molecular medicine, modern era of neurovirology has begun. Lately, new viruses have been detected: Nipah, HIV, West Nile, which influence the occurrence of encephalitis 25 .…”

Section: History Of Viral Meningitis and Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%