“…In fact, as seen in Table 3.2, reviewed middleware used different context modeling for achieving context-awareness. Undoubtedly, ontology has dominated the landscape of modeling context data in the majority of investigated middleware solutions [Chen et al, 2003, Gu et al, 2004, Wei and Chan, 2013, Celdrán et al, 2014, Evchina et al, 2015, Hoque et al, 2017, Pradeep et al, 2021. Extra criteria are enforced by the adoption of ontology such as modularity, high-level context abstraction, powerful reasoning, semantic interoperability and probably advanced context-awareness [Li et al, 2015].…”