“…The individual components of this group are gender, age (Zhao, Valcke, Desoete, Zhu, Sang, & Verhaeghe, 2014), class attendance (Mohammadpour, 2012), learning styles (Altun, & Serin, 2019;Tatar, & Dikici, 2009), homework completion (Choudhury, & Das, 2012), peer influence, motivation, attitude toward mathematics (Kiwanuka, Van Damme, Van Den Noortgate, Anumendem, & Namusisi, 2015;Engelhard, 2001), and participation in private supplementary tutoring (He, Zhang, Ma, & Wang, 2021). • The second group of factors includes teacher characteristics.…”