A Human Engineering Approach to the Design of Man-Operated Continuous Control Systems

Birmingham, H. P.; Taylor, Franklin V.

doi:10.21236/ad0030879

Cited by 57 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Sheridan credits Birmingham and Taylor [7] as the developers of that system, while Kelley [3] holds that some investigators have traced research on quickening devices (otherwise known as "command" instruments) back to shortly after World War I. In any event, both aiding and uickening must be regarded as significant milestones in %e development of man-machine control systems.…”

Section: Manual Control Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictor displays: The application of human engineering in process control systems

Banks¹,

Cerven²

1984

Plant/Oper. Prog.

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Section: Manual Control Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictor displays: The application of human engineering in process control systems

Banks¹,

Cerven²

1984

Plant/Oper. Prog.

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“…Indeed, Birmingham & Taylor [1954] argue that . ..in those man-machine system arrangements which require that the operator behave as nothing more complicated than a simple amplifier, a condition of "stimulus-response integrity" may be said to exist.…”

Section: Kinesthetic Correspondencementioning

confidence: 99%

Semantics of interactive rotations

Pique

1987

Proceedings of the 1986 Workshop on Interactive 3D Graphics - SI3D '86

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We first outline an overall design philosophy for rigid geometric manipulations, then examine a manipulation's characteristics: nesting, scope, pivot constraints, and axis,uonstraints. We show how a mnemonic notation helps us explain how a simple matrix operation can make manipulations (both rotations and translations) nested within rotations easy to control. Finally, we mention some practical considerations to increase calculation speed and control numerical error. An appendix collects formulas useful for working with rotations.Design Philosophy A computer graphics system is a realization of a mathematical model. The model is. an abstraction of some part of the real universe, and need not faithfully reproduce every aspect of the original. The system designer is free to select and include the attributes of the actual world which he decides are relevant to the task aided by the system. Because the system is not restricted to capabilities possible with physical objects, the graphics user can be given power and assistance impossible with a mechanical realization of the application's model.Freed from the limitations of the physical structure underlying the mathematical model of the application, the system designer is obligated to judge the user's requirements carefully. The system user will generally be unaware of the existence of the interposed mathematical model, and will be viewing and manipulating an object which is apparently physically real. This impression must be encouraged, and the designer should take care not to destroy the illusion without overwhelmingly good cause. Real objects move the direction they are pushed. A computer-driven rotation system can be programmed to provide the user with facilities of arbitrary complexity. It is the designer's responsibility to conceal this complexity from the user, while transmitting as much useful power as possible.Birmingham & Taylor see the designer as engineer and psychologist [1954]:It is through the controls, the levers, knobs, handwheels, and switches that human response takes its effect upon the mechanism. On the other hand, it is through the displays, the dials, light panels, cathode ray tubes, horns, buzzers, and cross-pointer indicators that the operator is presented with information concerning the activities of the mechanism....In general, it is the task of the engineering psychologist to assist the engineer in designing the displays, controls, and intervening mechanism so that the output of the man-machine system is optimized, while the human operator requirements in regard to native ability and training am minimized.

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“…Considerable work has already been done on man-controller dynamics (Birmingham and Taylor, 1954;Diamantides, 1962;McRuer and Magdaleno, 1966;Perry and Birmingham, 1968). McRuer and Krendel (1958), and Morgan, Cook, Chapanis, and Lund (1963) have summarized other studies of man-controller dynamics and interface requirements.…”

Section: Varied Body Position Betweenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies comparing pressure-type controls with displacement-type controls on position (Burke and Gibbs, 1965), velocity (Gibbs, 1952), quickened-acceleration (Birmingham, 1950), and third-order (Ziegler and Chernikoff, 1968) tracking tasks have all found that the pressure-type controller results in better performance. However, there is little information in the literature on body-mounted controllers.…”

Section: Varied Body Position Betweenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operator-Mounted Controllers for Precision Tracking

Price

1970

Hum Factors

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This study explored the feasibility of using hand-held and leg-mounted controllers for precision tracking tasks. The hand-held device was a thumb-actuated pressure controller; the leg-mounted device was a conventional displacement stick. Two experiments were undertaken. The first was conducted in a static-based facility to explore the effects of control sensitivity and controller type on tracking performance. The second was carried out in a dynamic-motion simulator to examine the effects of buffeting on tracking, and to continue the comparison of controllers. The dynamic environment was that of a light aircraft under various wind gust conditions. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in tracking performance between the two types of controllers or the two sensitivity levels, except when a hg-lead transfer function was introduced. As expected, tracking performance was inversely related to severity of buffeting. It was concluded that either controller could be considered for use in precision tracking tasks from light aircraft subjected to light or moderate wind gust conditions.

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A Human Engineering Approach to the Design of Man-Operated Continuous Control Systems

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

Predictor displays: The application of human engineering in process control systems

Predictor displays: The application of human engineering in process control systems

Semantics of interactive rotations

Operator-Mounted Controllers for Precision Tracking

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