A human monoclonal antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV).
Abstract: We report the development of a human monoclonal antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) produced from a human X human hybridoma. This hybrid was developed by fusion of an EBV-transformed cell line making antibody to CMV and a human lymphoblastoid cell line WI-L2. The antibody is directed to a CMV-specific antigen primarily in the nucleus of CMV-infected human fibroblasts. It cross-reacts with at least 10 different strains of CMV and may provide a method for the rapid in vitro diagnosis of CMV infections. The product… Show more
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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Historical Aspects 1.2. Principles and Definitions 1.2.1. Antigens 1.2.2. Antibodies 1.2.3. Immune Response 1.2.4. Active Immunization 1.2.5. Passive Immunization 1.2.6. Genetic Engineering 2. Bacterial Vaccines 2.1. Diphtheria Vaccine 2.2. Tetanus Vaccine 2.3. Pertussis Vaccine 2.4. Typhoid Fever Vaccine 2.5. Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccine 2.6. Shigella Vaccines 2.7. CholeraVaccine 2.8. Vaccines Against Nosocomial Pathogenes 2.9. Meningococcal Meningitis Vaccine 2.10. Tuberculosis Vaccine 2.11. Escherichia coli Vaccines 2.12. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Vaccine 2.13. Hemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccines 3. Viral vaccines 3.1. Measles Vaccine 3.2. Mumps Vaccine 3.3. Rubella Vaccine 3.4. Combined Measles ‐ Mumps ‐ RubellaVaccine 3.5. Polio vaccine 3.6. Hepatitis b Vaccine 3.7. Rabies Vaccine 3.8. Influenza Vaccine 3.9. Varicella Vaccine 3.10. Yellow Fever Vaccine 3.11. Tick‐Borne Encephalitis Vaccine 3.12. Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine 3.13. Smallpox Vaccine 3.14. Rift Valley Fever Vaccine 4. Vaccines against Parasites 4.1. Vaccines against Helminths 4.1.1. Vaccines against Schistosoma 4.1.2. Vaccines against Nematodes 4.1.2.1. Gastrointestinal Nematodes 4.1.2.2. Tissue‐Invading Nematodes (Filariidae) 4.1.3. Vaccines against Cestodes 4.2. Malaria Vaccine 4.2.1. Strategy for Malaria Vaccine Development 4.2.2. Sporozoite Vaccines 4.2.3. Asexual Blood Stage Vaccine 4.2.3.1. Merozoite Surface Antigens 4.2.3.2. Rhoptry antigens 4.2.3.3. Antigens Associated with the Membrane of Infected Erythrocytes 4.2.3.4. Other Proteins and Synthetic Peptides 4.2.4. Sexual Stages‐Transmission Blocking Immunity 5. Immunotherapy 5.1. Gamma Globulin Preparations 5.1.1. Standard Immune Serum Globulin 5.1.2. Immunoglobulin for Intravenous Use 5.1.3. Hyperimmune Globulins and Antitoxins 5.1.4. Production Requirements 5.2. Prophylaxis with Immune Serum Globulin 5.3. Prophylaxis with Hyperimmune Globulins 5.4. Therapy with Immune Serum Globulin 5.5. Prophylaxis and Therapy with Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) 5.5.1. Viral Infection 5.5.2. Bacterial Infection 5.5.3. Noninfectious Diseases 5.5.3.1. Therapeutic Effect of IVIG 5.5.3.2. Mechanism of Action 5.6. Prophylaxis and Therapy with Plasma and Other Blood Products 5.7. Adverse Effects of Gamma Globulin Preparations 5.8. Future Prospects 6. Immunotherapeutic Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Bacterial Targets 6.3. Viral and Chlamydial targets 6.4. Parasite Targets
The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Historical Aspects 1.2. Principles and Definitions 1.2.1. Antigens 1.2.2. Antibodies 1.2.3. Immune Response 1.2.4. Active Immunization 1.2.5. Passive Immunization 1.2.6. Genetic Engineering 2. Bacterial Vaccines 2.1. Diphtheria Vaccine 2.2. Tetanus Vaccine 2.3. Pertussis Vaccine 2.4. Typhoid Fever Vaccine 2.5. Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccine 2.6. Shigella Vaccines 2.7. CholeraVaccine 2.8. Vaccines Against Nosocomial Pathogenes 2.9. Meningococcal Meningitis Vaccine 2.10. Tuberculosis Vaccine 2.11. Escherichia coli Vaccines 2.12. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Vaccine 2.13. Hemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccines 3. Viral vaccines 3.1. Measles Vaccine 3.2. Mumps Vaccine 3.3. Rubella Vaccine 3.4. Combined Measles ‐ Mumps ‐ RubellaVaccine 3.5. Polio vaccine 3.6. Hepatitis b Vaccine 3.7. Rabies Vaccine 3.8. Influenza Vaccine 3.9. Varicella Vaccine 3.10. Yellow Fever Vaccine 3.11. Tick‐Borne Encephalitis Vaccine 3.12. Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine 3.13. Smallpox Vaccine 3.14. Rift Valley Fever Vaccine 4. Vaccines against Parasites 4.1. Vaccines against Helminths 4.1.1. Vaccines against Schistosoma 4.1.2. Vaccines against Nematodes 4.1.2.1. Gastrointestinal Nematodes 4.1.2.2. Tissue‐Invading Nematodes (Filariidae) 4.1.3. Vaccines against Cestodes 4.2. Malaria Vaccine 4.2.1. Strategy for Malaria Vaccine Development 4.2.2. Sporozoite Vaccines 4.2.3. Asexual Blood Stage Vaccine 4.2.3.1. Merozoite Surface Antigens 4.2.3.2. Rhoptry antigens 4.2.3.3. Antigens Associated with the Membrane of Infected Erythrocytes 4.2.3.4. Other Proteins and Synthetic Peptides 4.2.4. Sexual Stages‐Transmission Blocking Immunity 5. Immunotherapy 5.1. Gamma Globulin Preparations 5.1.1. Standard Immune Serum Globulin 5.1.2. Immunoglobulin for Intravenous Use 5.1.3. Hyperimmune Globulins and Antitoxins 5.1.4. Production Requirements 5.2. Prophylaxis with Immune Serum Globulin 5.3. Prophylaxis with Hyperimmune Globulins 5.4. Therapy with Immune Serum Globulin 5.5. Prophylaxis and Therapy with Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) 5.5.1. Viral Infection 5.5.2. Bacterial Infection 5.5.3. Noninfectious Diseases 5.5.3.1. Therapeutic Effect of IVIG 5.5.3.2. Mechanism of Action 5.6. Prophylaxis and Therapy with Plasma and Other Blood Products 5.7. Adverse Effects of Gamma Globulin Preparations 5.8. Future Prospects 6. Immunotherapeutic Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Bacterial Targets 6.3. Viral and Chlamydial targets 6.4. Parasite Targets
Human lymphocytes that produce anti-pneumococcal antibodies were separated and immortalized by Epstein-Barr virus and then cloned. One clone (NAD-Sel) produces an IgA, kappa antibody which is specific for the polysaccharides of type 8 pneumococcus, while not reactive with any of the polysaccharides derived from 24 other pneumococcal strains. The antibody, which is present in the cell supernatant as monomer and polymer, binds to protein A and does not fix complement. When incubated in vitro with type 8 pneumococci, it induces direct killing and increases the opsonization of these bacteria by mouse macrophages.
A method of producing human monoclonal antibody by combining somatic cell hybridization technology with the capability of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to transform human B lymphocytes is described. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a donor with positive tuberculin skin test reaction were transformed by EBV and then tested for antibody production to mycobacterial purified protein derivative (PPD) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines making IgM antibodies to PPD were obtained. One of these cell lines was fused by polyethylene glycol with a murine hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase-deficient myeloma cell line that had been selected for resistance to ouabain. The human-mouse hybrids were selected in ouabain-containing HAT medium and 11 heterohybridomas producing IgM antibody to PPD were obtained. One of these was cloned by limiting dilution with efficiency at least 20-fold higher than parent EBV-transformed cell line. Heterohybridoma subclones reached levels of IgM antibody as high as 75.0 micrograms/ml of culture medium, whereas IgM production of EBV-transformed B cell clones ranged between 3.0 and 4.0 micrograms/ml.
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