“…New PV technologies reported in the literature have been shown to improve the energy utilization efficiency of solar PV, such as multi-junction cells, optical frequency shifting, and concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems, among others; however, these are expensive. In order to improve the efficiency of solar PVs a novel concept of a combined photovoltaic-thermal solar panel hybrid system has been developed and implemented [3][4][5][6][7][8][9], where the PV cells of the solar PV panels are cooled by water flow. Excess thermal energy is generated and dissipated due to intrinsic limitations of the cell, that is, the excess thermal energy increases the cell temperature, which reduces the conversion efficiency of the cell.…”