A Hybrid Automatic Elasticity Solution for the IaaS Layer based on Dynamic Thresholds and Time Series

Scaling UPF Instances in 5G/6G Core With Deep Reinforcement Learning

“…Zhang et al [14] designed a thresholdbased procedure to scale containers in a cloud platform and then measured the elasticity of their algorithm. In a hybrid approach, Gervásio et al [15] combined an ensemble of prediction models with a dynamic threshold algorithm to scale virtual machines in an AWS cloud. Ullah et al [16] used genetic algorithm and artificial neural networks to predict CPU usage in a cloud and then used a thresholdbased rule.…”

“…From the related literature review, it is observed that scaling algorithms reported in most of the literature works so far control the number of VM, VNF, container instances with the use of some thresholds [14], [15], [18], [30]- [33]. However, to our best knowledge, no existing work on the application of artificial intelligence methods for the resource management of UPF instances.…”

“…that demonstrate the arrival rates measured ( λ) during the training phase and the evaluation phase for a 36 hour time period. The measured arrival rate λ during the training phase when traffic was generated according to λ train in(15).…”

A Queueing Model for Threshold-Based Scaling of UPF Instances in 5G Core

“…Casalicchio [19] carried out measurements about the scaling of Kubernetes Pods and argued that the scaling should consider the Quality of Service aspects. Gervásio et al [20] in their hybrid autoscaling proposal, combined a self-adaptive prediction and reactive approach for optimal configuration of the threshold values for scaling operations. Ullah et al [21] presented the combination of predictive and reactive approach where Cartesian genetic programming based neural network is used for resource estimation and a rule-based scaling.…”

“…From the related literature review, it is observed that scaling algorithms reported in most of the literature works so far control the number of VM, VNF, container instances with the use of some thresholds [14]- [20]. However, to our best knowledge, no existing work on the queueing analysis for the scaling of 5G UPF instances based on threshold algorithms has been presented.…”